of activity-coefficients, osmotic coefficients, and apparent molal
and standard and relative partial molal properties to 600-degreesC and 5 KB. American Journal of Science, 281, 1249–1516.
Ishibarshi, J., Ikegami, F., Takeshi, T., and Urabe, T., 2015. Hydrothermal activity in the okinawa trough back-arc basin: geological
background and hydrothermal mineralization. In Ishibashi, J.,
Okino, K., and Snuamura, M. (eds.), Subseafloor Biosphere
Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept. Tokyo:
Springer, pp. 337–360.
Janecky, D. R., and Shanks, W. C., 1988. Computational modeling
of chemical and sulfur isotopic reaction processes in seafloor
hydrothermal systems – chimneys, massive sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 805–825.
Johnson, H. P., Tivey, M. A., Bjorklund, T. A., and Salmi, M. S.,
2010. Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment,
Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 11,
1–13.
Kadko, D., and Butterfield, D. A., 1998. The relationship of hydrothermal fluid composition and crustal residence time to maturity
of vent fields on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1521–1533.
Kadko, D., and Moore, W., 1988. Radiochemical constraints on the
crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids -
endeavour ridge. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 52,
659–668.
Karig, D. E., 1970. Ridges and basins of Tonga-Kermadec island arc
system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 239.
Kelley, D. S., and Fruh-Green, G. L., 2001. Volatile lines of descent
in submarine plutonic environments: insights from stable isotope
and fluid inclusion analyses. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica
Acta, 65, 3325–3346.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Blackman, D. K., Fruh-Green, G. L.,
Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., Schrenk, M. O.,
Roe, K. K., Lebon, G. T., Rivizzigno, P., and Party, A. T. S.,
2001. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the
mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N. Nature, 412, 145–149.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 30, 385–491.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Fruh-Green, G. L., Yoerger, D. R.,
Shank, T. M., Butterfield, D. A., Hayes, J. M., Schrenk, M. O.,
Olson, E. J., Proskurowski, G., Jakuba, M., Bradley, A., Larson,
B., Ludwig, K., Glickson, D., Buckman, K., Bradley, A. S.,
Brazelton, W. J., Roe, K., Elend, M. J., Delacour, A.,
Bernasconi, S. M., Lilley, M. D., Baross, J. A., Summons,
R. T., and Sylva, S. P., 2005. A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem:
the lost city hydrothermal field. Science, 307, 1428–1434.
Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schoenberg, D., Sander, S., Schmidt, K.,
Gennerich, H.-H., and Strauss, H., 2008. Hydrothermal venting
at pressure-temperature conditions above the critical point of
seawater, 5 degrees S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 36,
615–618.
Koski, R. A., Shanks, W. C., Bohrson, W. A., and Oscarson, R. L.,
1988. The composition of massive sulfide deposits from the
sediment-covered floor of Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge –
implications for depositional processes. Canadian Mineralogist,
26, 655–673.
Lister, C. R. B., 1972. Thermal balance of a mid-ocean ridge. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 26, 515.
Lowell, R. P., Vancappellen, P., and Germanovich, L. N., 1993. Silica precipitation in fractures and the evolution of permeability in
hydrothermal upflow zones. Science, 260, 192–194.
Lupton, J. E., Weiss, R. F., and Craig, H., 1977. Mantle helium in
hydrothermal plumes in Galapagos Rift. Nature, 267, 603–604.
Melchert, B., Devey, C. W., German, C. R., Lackschewitz, K. S.,
Seifert, R., Walter, M., Mertens, C., Yoerger, D. R., Baker,
E. T., Paulick, H., and Nakamura, K., 2008. First evidence for
high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat:
the Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275, 61–69.
Metz, S., and Trefry, J. H., 1993. Field and laboratory studies of
metal uptake and release by hydrothermal precipitates. Journal
of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 98, 9661–9666.
Mevel, C., 2003. Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at
mid-ocean ridges. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 335, 825–852.
Mottl, M. J., 2003. Partitioning of Energy and Mass Fluxes Between
Mid-ocean Ridge Axes and Flanks at High and Low Temperature. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
Mottl, M. J., and McConachy, T. F., 1990. Chemical processes in
buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the East Pacific Rise near
21-degrees-N. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 54,
1911–1927.
Nakashima, K., Sakai, H., Yoshida, H., Chiba, H., Tanaka, Y.,
Gamo, T., Ishibashi, J., and Tsunogai, U., 1995. Hydrothermal
Mineralization in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Tokyo: Terra
Science.
Nielsen, S. G., Rehkamper, M., Teagle, D. A. H., Butterfield, D. A.,
Alt, J. C., and Halliday, A. N., 2006. Hydrothermal fluid fluxes
calculated from the isotopic mass balance of thallium in the
ocean crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 251, 120–133.
Ohmoto, H., 1996. Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide
deposits: the Kuroko perspective. Ore Geology Reviews, 10,
135–177.
Palandri, J. L., and Reed, M. H., 2004. Geochemical models of
metasomatism in ultramafic systems: serpentinization,
rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation.
Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1115–1133.
Pester, N. J., Reeves, E. P., Rough, M. E., Ding, K., Seewald, J. S.,
and Seyfried, W. E., Jr., 2012. Subseafloor phase equilibria in
high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37 degrees 17 ' N). Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 90, 303–322.
Peter, J. M., Peltonen, P., Scott, S. D., Simoneit, B. R. T., and Kawka,
O. E., 1991. C-14 ages of hydrothermal petroleum and carbonate
in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California – implications for oil generation, expulsion, and migration. Geology, 19, 253–256.
Petersen, S., Herzig, P. M., and Hannington, M. D., 2000. Third
dimension of a presently forming VMS deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26 degrees N. Mineralium
Deposita, 35, 233–259.
Richards, H. G., Cann, J. R., and Jensenius, J., 1989. Mineralogical
zonation and metasomatism of the alteration pipes of Cyprus sulfide deposits. Economic Geology, 84, 91–115.
Seyfried, W. E., 1987. Experimental and theoretical constraints on
hydrothermal alteration processes and mid-ocean ridges. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 317–335.
Schmidt, R., and Schmincke, H. U., 2000. Seamounts and island
building. In Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes.
Sand Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 383–402.
Scholten, J. C., Stoffers, P., Garbe-Schonberg, D., and Moammar,
M., 2000. Hydrothermal Mineralization in the Red Sea. Boca
Raton: CRC press.
Schultz, A., and Elderfield, H., 1997. Controls on the physics and
chemistry of seafloor hydrothermal circulation. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical
and Engineering Sciences, 355, 387–425.
Seyfried, W. E., Pester, N. J., Ding, K., and Rough, M., 2011. Vent
fluid chemistry of the Rainbow hydrothermal system
(36 degrees N, MAR): phase equilibria and in situ pH controls
on subseafloor alteration processes. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 1574–1593.
Simoneit, B. R. T., 1988. Petroleum generation in submarine hydrothermal systems – an update. Canadian Mineralogist, 26,
827–840.
356
HYDROTHERMALISM
and standard and relative partial molal properties to 600-degreesC and 5 KB. American Journal of Science, 281, 1249–1516.
Ishibarshi, J., Ikegami, F., Takeshi, T., and Urabe, T., 2015. Hydrothermal activity in the okinawa trough back-arc basin: geological
background and hydrothermal mineralization. In Ishibashi, J.,
Okino, K., and Snuamura, M. (eds.), Subseafloor Biosphere
Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept. Tokyo:
Springer, pp. 337–360.
Janecky, D. R., and Shanks, W. C., 1988. Computational modeling
of chemical and sulfur isotopic reaction processes in seafloor
hydrothermal systems – chimneys, massive sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 805–825.
Johnson, H. P., Tivey, M. A., Bjorklund, T. A., and Salmi, M. S.,
2010. Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment,
Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 11,
1–13.
Kadko, D., and Butterfield, D. A., 1998. The relationship of hydrothermal fluid composition and crustal residence time to maturity
of vent fields on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1521–1533.
Kadko, D., and Moore, W., 1988. Radiochemical constraints on the
crustal residence time of submarine hydrothermal fluids -
endeavour ridge. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 52,
659–668.
Karig, D. E., 1970. Ridges and basins of Tonga-Kermadec island arc
system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 239.
Kelley, D. S., and Fruh-Green, G. L., 2001. Volatile lines of descent
in submarine plutonic environments: insights from stable isotope
and fluid inclusion analyses. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica
Acta, 65, 3325–3346.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Blackman, D. K., Fruh-Green, G. L.,
Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., Schrenk, M. O.,
Roe, K. K., Lebon, G. T., Rivizzigno, P., and Party, A. T. S.,
2001. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the
mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N. Nature, 412, 145–149.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 30, 385–491.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Fruh-Green, G. L., Yoerger, D. R.,
Shank, T. M., Butterfield, D. A., Hayes, J. M., Schrenk, M. O.,
Olson, E. J., Proskurowski, G., Jakuba, M., Bradley, A., Larson,
B., Ludwig, K., Glickson, D., Buckman, K., Bradley, A. S.,
Brazelton, W. J., Roe, K., Elend, M. J., Delacour, A.,
Bernasconi, S. M., Lilley, M. D., Baross, J. A., Summons,
R. T., and Sylva, S. P., 2005. A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem:
the lost city hydrothermal field. Science, 307, 1428–1434.
Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schoenberg, D., Sander, S., Schmidt, K.,
Gennerich, H.-H., and Strauss, H., 2008. Hydrothermal venting
at pressure-temperature conditions above the critical point of
seawater, 5 degrees S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 36,
615–618.
Koski, R. A., Shanks, W. C., Bohrson, W. A., and Oscarson, R. L.,
1988. The composition of massive sulfide deposits from the
sediment-covered floor of Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge –
implications for depositional processes. Canadian Mineralogist,
26, 655–673.
Lister, C. R. B., 1972. Thermal balance of a mid-ocean ridge. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 26, 515.
Lowell, R. P., Vancappellen, P., and Germanovich, L. N., 1993. Silica precipitation in fractures and the evolution of permeability in
hydrothermal upflow zones. Science, 260, 192–194.
Lupton, J. E., Weiss, R. F., and Craig, H., 1977. Mantle helium in
hydrothermal plumes in Galapagos Rift. Nature, 267, 603–604.
Melchert, B., Devey, C. W., German, C. R., Lackschewitz, K. S.,
Seifert, R., Walter, M., Mertens, C., Yoerger, D. R., Baker,
E. T., Paulick, H., and Nakamura, K., 2008. First evidence for
high-temperature off-axis venting of deep crustal/mantle heat:
the Nibelungen hydrothermal field, southern Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275, 61–69.
Metz, S., and Trefry, J. H., 1993. Field and laboratory studies of
metal uptake and release by hydrothermal precipitates. Journal
of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 98, 9661–9666.
Mevel, C., 2003. Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at
mid-ocean ridges. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 335, 825–852.
Mottl, M. J., 2003. Partitioning of Energy and Mass Fluxes Between
Mid-ocean Ridge Axes and Flanks at High and Low Temperature. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
Mottl, M. J., and McConachy, T. F., 1990. Chemical processes in
buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the East Pacific Rise near
21-degrees-N. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 54,
1911–1927.
Nakashima, K., Sakai, H., Yoshida, H., Chiba, H., Tanaka, Y.,
Gamo, T., Ishibashi, J., and Tsunogai, U., 1995. Hydrothermal
Mineralization in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Tokyo: Terra
Science.
Nielsen, S. G., Rehkamper, M., Teagle, D. A. H., Butterfield, D. A.,
Alt, J. C., and Halliday, A. N., 2006. Hydrothermal fluid fluxes
calculated from the isotopic mass balance of thallium in the
ocean crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 251, 120–133.
Ohmoto, H., 1996. Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide
deposits: the Kuroko perspective. Ore Geology Reviews, 10,
135–177.
Palandri, J. L., and Reed, M. H., 2004. Geochemical models of
metasomatism in ultramafic systems: serpentinization,
rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation.
Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1115–1133.
Pester, N. J., Reeves, E. P., Rough, M. E., Ding, K., Seewald, J. S.,
and Seyfried, W. E., Jr., 2012. Subseafloor phase equilibria in
high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37 degrees 17 ' N). Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 90, 303–322.
Peter, J. M., Peltonen, P., Scott, S. D., Simoneit, B. R. T., and Kawka,
O. E., 1991. C-14 ages of hydrothermal petroleum and carbonate
in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California – implications for oil generation, expulsion, and migration. Geology, 19, 253–256.
Petersen, S., Herzig, P. M., and Hannington, M. D., 2000. Third
dimension of a presently forming VMS deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26 degrees N. Mineralium
Deposita, 35, 233–259.
Richards, H. G., Cann, J. R., and Jensenius, J., 1989. Mineralogical
zonation and metasomatism of the alteration pipes of Cyprus sulfide deposits. Economic Geology, 84, 91–115.
Seyfried, W. E., 1987. Experimental and theoretical constraints on
hydrothermal alteration processes and mid-ocean ridges. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 317–335.
Schmidt, R., and Schmincke, H. U., 2000. Seamounts and island
building. In Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes.
Sand Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 383–402.
Scholten, J. C., Stoffers, P., Garbe-Schonberg, D., and Moammar,
M., 2000. Hydrothermal Mineralization in the Red Sea. Boca
Raton: CRC press.
Schultz, A., and Elderfield, H., 1997. Controls on the physics and
chemistry of seafloor hydrothermal circulation. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical
and Engineering Sciences, 355, 387–425.
Seyfried, W. E., Pester, N. J., Ding, K., and Rough, M., 2011. Vent
fluid chemistry of the Rainbow hydrothermal system
(36 degrees N, MAR): phase equilibria and in situ pH controls
on subseafloor alteration processes. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 1574–1593.
Simoneit, B. R. T., 1988. Petroleum generation in submarine hydrothermal systems – an update. Canadian Mineralogist, 26,
827–840.
356
HYDROTHERMALISM