Bertine, K. K., and Keene, J. B., 1975. Submarine barite-opal rocks
of hydrothermal origin. Science, 188, 150–152.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1987. Phase-separation in
seafloor geothermal systems - an experimental-study of the
effects on metal transport. American Journal of Science, 287,
953–978.
Bischoff, J. L., and Seyfried, W. E., 1978. Hydrothermal chemistry
of seawater from 25-degrees-C to 350-degrees-C. American
Journal of Science, 278, 838–860.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1988. Liquid–vapor relations
in the critical region of the system NaCl-H 2 O from 380-degreesC to 415-degrees-C – a refined determination of the criticalpoint and 2-phase boundary of seawater. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2121–2126.
Butterfield, D. A., Seyfried, J. W. E., and Lilley, M. D., 2003. Composition and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids. Berlin: Dahlem
University Press.
Cannat, M., 1996. How thick is the magmatic crust at slow spreading oceanic ridges? Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid
Earth, 101, 2847–2857.
Converse, D. R., Holland, H. D., and Edmond, J. M., 1984. Flowrates in the axial hot springs of the East Pacific Rise (21-degreesN) – implications for the heat budget and the formation of massive sulfide deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69,
159–175.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmond, J. M., Herzen,
R. P. V., Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D., Bainbridge,
A., Crane, K., and Vanandel, T. H., 1979. Submarine thermal
springs on the Galapagos Rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083.
Coumou, D., Driesner, T., and Heinrich, C. A., 2008. The structure
and dynamics of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Science, 321, 1825–1828.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Faure, K., Bray, C. J., Chappell, D. A., and
Wright, I. C., 2003. Hydrothermal fluids associated with seafloor
mineralization at two southern Kermadec arc volcanoes, offshore New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 217–233.
Delaney, J. R., Mogk, D. W., and Mottl, M. J., 1987. Quartzcemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – samples of a
high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth and Planets, 92, 9175–9192.
Edmond, J. M., Measures, C., McDuff, R. E., Chan, L. H., Collier,
R., Grant, B., Gordon, L. I., and Corliss, J. B., 1979. Ridge crest
hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor
elements in the ocean – Galapagos data. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 46, 1–18.
Einsele, G., 1985. Basaltic sill-sediment complexes in young
spreading centers – genesis and significance. Geology, 13,
249–252.
Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 191–224.
Elderfield, H., Wheat, C. G., Mottl, M. J., Monnin, C., and
Spiro, B., 1999. Fluid and geochemical transport through
oceanic crust: a transect across the eastern flank of the Juan
de Fuca Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 172,
151–165.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Baker, E. T., Butterfield,
D. A., Resing, J. A., De Ronde, C. E. J., Tunnicliffe, V., Lupton,
J. E., Juniper, S. K., Rubin, K. H., Stern, R. J., Lebon, G. T.,
Nakamura, K.-i., Merle, S. G., Hein, J. R., Wiens, D. A., and
Tamura, Y., 2006. Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine
arc volcano. Nature, 441, 494–497.
Feely, R. A., Lewison, M., Massoth, G. J., Robertbaldo, G., Lavelle,
J. W., Byrne, R. H., Vondamm, K. L., and Curl, H. C., 1987.
Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from
active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth and Planets, 92, 11347–11363.
Feely, R. A., Gendron, J. F., Baker, E. T., and Lebon, G. T., 1994.
Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8-degrees40
0 to 11-degrees-50
0 N - Particle distribution and composition.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 19–36.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H. D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R. D., Fox, P. J., Normark, W., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H.,
Cambon, P., and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulfide
ore-deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 277,
523–528.
German, C., and Seyfried, W., 2014. Hydrothermal processes. In
Turekian, H. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
German, C. R., and Von Damm, K. L., 2004. Hydrothermal Processes. London, UK: Elsevier.
German, C. R., Thurnherr, A. M., Knoery, J., Charlou, J. L., JeanBaptiste, P., and Edmonds, H. N., 2010. Heat, volume and chemical fluxes from submarine venting: a synthesis of results from
the Rainbow hydrothermal field, 36 degrees N MAR. DeepSea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 57,
518–527.
Gillis, K. M., 2002. The rootzone of an ancient hydrothermal system
exposed in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Journal of Geology,
110, 57–74.
Ginster, U., Mottl, M. J., and Vonherzen, R. P., 1994. Heat-flux from
black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft Segments, Juan de
Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 99,
4937–4950.
Glasby, G. P., and Notsu, K., 2003. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview. Ore
Geology Reviews, 23, 299–339.
Hannington, M., and Monecke, T., 2009. Global exploration models
for polymetallic sulphides in the area: an assessment of lease
block selection under the draft regulations on prospecting and
exploration for polymetallic sulphides. Marine Georesources &
Geotechnology, 27, 132–159.
Hannington, M., Jonasson, I., Herzig, P., and Petersen, S., 1995.
Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at
mid-ocean ridges. Geophysical Monograph, 11, 115–157.
Hannington, M., Bleeker, W., and Kjarsgaard, I., 1999. Sulfide mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of the kid creek deposit:
part i. North, Central, and South orebodies. In Hannington, M.,
and Barrie, T. (eds.), The Giant Kidd Creek Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Society of Economic Geologists Monograph Series. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, Vol.
10, pp. 163–224.
Hannington, M., De Ronde, C., and Petersen, S., 2005. Sea-floor
tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In Hedenquist,
J., Thompson, J., Goldfarb, R., and Richards, J. (eds.), Economic
Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume 1905–2005. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, pp. 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hasenclever, J., Theissen-Krah, S., Ruepke, L. H., Morgan, J. P.,
Iyer, K., Petersen, S., and Devey, C. W., 2014. Hybrid shallow
on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fastspreading ridges. Nature, 508, 508−+.
Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R. D.,
Choukroune, P., Cheminee, J. L., Albarede, F., Minster, J. F.,
Charlou, J. L., Marty, J. C., and Boulegue, J., 1983. Intense
hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near
13-degrees-N – submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide
chimney. Marine Geophysical Researches, 6, 1–14.
Helgeson, H. C., Kirkham, D. H., and Flowers, G. C., 1981. Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueouselectrolytes at high-pressures and temperatures. 4. Calculation
HYDROTHERMALISM
355
of hydrothermal origin. Science, 188, 150–152.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1987. Phase-separation in
seafloor geothermal systems - an experimental-study of the
effects on metal transport. American Journal of Science, 287,
953–978.
Bischoff, J. L., and Seyfried, W. E., 1978. Hydrothermal chemistry
of seawater from 25-degrees-C to 350-degrees-C. American
Journal of Science, 278, 838–860.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1988. Liquid–vapor relations
in the critical region of the system NaCl-H 2 O from 380-degreesC to 415-degrees-C – a refined determination of the criticalpoint and 2-phase boundary of seawater. Geochimica Et
Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2121–2126.
Butterfield, D. A., Seyfried, J. W. E., and Lilley, M. D., 2003. Composition and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids. Berlin: Dahlem
University Press.
Cannat, M., 1996. How thick is the magmatic crust at slow spreading oceanic ridges? Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid
Earth, 101, 2847–2857.
Converse, D. R., Holland, H. D., and Edmond, J. M., 1984. Flowrates in the axial hot springs of the East Pacific Rise (21-degreesN) – implications for the heat budget and the formation of massive sulfide deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69,
159–175.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J., Gordon, L. I., Edmond, J. M., Herzen,
R. P. V., Ballard, R. D., Green, K., Williams, D., Bainbridge,
A., Crane, K., and Vanandel, T. H., 1979. Submarine thermal
springs on the Galapagos Rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083.
Coumou, D., Driesner, T., and Heinrich, C. A., 2008. The structure
and dynamics of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Science, 321, 1825–1828.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Faure, K., Bray, C. J., Chappell, D. A., and
Wright, I. C., 2003. Hydrothermal fluids associated with seafloor
mineralization at two southern Kermadec arc volcanoes, offshore New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 217–233.
Delaney, J. R., Mogk, D. W., and Mottl, M. J., 1987. Quartzcemented breccias from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – samples of a
high-salinity hydrothermal upflow zone. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth and Planets, 92, 9175–9192.
Edmond, J. M., Measures, C., McDuff, R. E., Chan, L. H., Collier,
R., Grant, B., Gordon, L. I., and Corliss, J. B., 1979. Ridge crest
hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor
elements in the ocean – Galapagos data. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 46, 1–18.
Einsele, G., 1985. Basaltic sill-sediment complexes in young
spreading centers – genesis and significance. Geology, 13,
249–252.
Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 191–224.
Elderfield, H., Wheat, C. G., Mottl, M. J., Monnin, C., and
Spiro, B., 1999. Fluid and geochemical transport through
oceanic crust: a transect across the eastern flank of the Juan
de Fuca Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 172,
151–165.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Baker, E. T., Butterfield,
D. A., Resing, J. A., De Ronde, C. E. J., Tunnicliffe, V., Lupton,
J. E., Juniper, S. K., Rubin, K. H., Stern, R. J., Lebon, G. T.,
Nakamura, K.-i., Merle, S. G., Hein, J. R., Wiens, D. A., and
Tamura, Y., 2006. Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine
arc volcano. Nature, 441, 494–497.
Feely, R. A., Lewison, M., Massoth, G. J., Robertbaldo, G., Lavelle,
J. W., Byrne, R. H., Vondamm, K. L., and Curl, H. C., 1987.
Composition and dissolution of black smoker particulates from
active vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth and Planets, 92, 11347–11363.
Feely, R. A., Gendron, J. F., Baker, E. T., and Lebon, G. T., 1994.
Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8-degrees40
0 to 11-degrees-50
0 N - Particle distribution and composition.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 19–36.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H. D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R. D., Fox, P. J., Normark, W., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H.,
Cambon, P., and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulfide
ore-deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 277,
523–528.
German, C., and Seyfried, W., 2014. Hydrothermal processes. In
Turekian, H. (ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
German, C. R., and Von Damm, K. L., 2004. Hydrothermal Processes. London, UK: Elsevier.
German, C. R., Thurnherr, A. M., Knoery, J., Charlou, J. L., JeanBaptiste, P., and Edmonds, H. N., 2010. Heat, volume and chemical fluxes from submarine venting: a synthesis of results from
the Rainbow hydrothermal field, 36 degrees N MAR. DeepSea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 57,
518–527.
Gillis, K. M., 2002. The rootzone of an ancient hydrothermal system
exposed in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Journal of Geology,
110, 57–74.
Ginster, U., Mottl, M. J., and Vonherzen, R. P., 1994. Heat-flux from
black smokers on the Endeavour and Cleft Segments, Juan de
Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 99,
4937–4950.
Glasby, G. P., and Notsu, K., 2003. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview. Ore
Geology Reviews, 23, 299–339.
Hannington, M., and Monecke, T., 2009. Global exploration models
for polymetallic sulphides in the area: an assessment of lease
block selection under the draft regulations on prospecting and
exploration for polymetallic sulphides. Marine Georesources &
Geotechnology, 27, 132–159.
Hannington, M., Jonasson, I., Herzig, P., and Petersen, S., 1995.
Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at
mid-ocean ridges. Geophysical Monograph, 11, 115–157.
Hannington, M., Bleeker, W., and Kjarsgaard, I., 1999. Sulfide mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of the kid creek deposit:
part i. North, Central, and South orebodies. In Hannington, M.,
and Barrie, T. (eds.), The Giant Kidd Creek Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Society of Economic Geologists Monograph Series. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, Vol.
10, pp. 163–224.
Hannington, M., De Ronde, C., and Petersen, S., 2005. Sea-floor
tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In Hedenquist,
J., Thompson, J., Goldfarb, R., and Richards, J. (eds.), Economic
Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume 1905–2005. Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, pp. 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hasenclever, J., Theissen-Krah, S., Ruepke, L. H., Morgan, J. P.,
Iyer, K., Petersen, S., and Devey, C. W., 2014. Hybrid shallow
on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fastspreading ridges. Nature, 508, 508−+.
Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R. D.,
Choukroune, P., Cheminee, J. L., Albarede, F., Minster, J. F.,
Charlou, J. L., Marty, J. C., and Boulegue, J., 1983. Intense
hydrothermal activity at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near
13-degrees-N – submersible witnesses the growth of sulfide
chimney. Marine Geophysical Researches, 6, 1–14.
Helgeson, H. C., Kirkham, D. H., and Flowers, G. C., 1981. Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueouselectrolytes at high-pressures and temperatures. 4. Calculation
HYDROTHERMALISM
355