calculation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(9),
Q09001, doi:10.1029/2008GC002057.
Herzberg, C., Asimow, P. D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., Lesher, C. M.,
Fitton, J. G., Cheadle, M. J., and Saunders, A. D., 2007. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: constraints from basalts,
picrites, and komatiites. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
8, doi:10.1029/2006gc001390.
Hirano, N., Takahashi, E., Yamamoto, J., Abe, N., Ingle, S. P.,
Kaneoka, I., Hirata, T., Kimura, J.-I., Ishii, T., Ogawa, Y.,
Machida, S., and Suyehiro, K., 2006. Volcanism in response to
plate flexure. Science, 313(5792), 1426–1428, doi:10.1126/
science.1128235.
Hoernle, K., Werner, R., Morgan, J. P., Garbe-Schoenberg, D.,
Bryce, J., and Mrazek, J., 2000. Existence of complex spatial
zonation in the Galapagos Plume for at least 14 m.y. Geology,
28(5),
435–438,
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<435:
EOCSZI>2.0.CO;2.
Hofmann, A. W., and Farnetani, C. G., 2013. Two views of Hawaiian plume structure. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
14(12), 5308–5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942.
Hofmann, A. W., and White, W. M., 1982. Mantle plumes from
ancient oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 57,
421–436.
Huang, J., and Davies, G. F., 2007. Stirring in three-dimensional
mantle convection models and implications for geochemistry;
2, Heavy tracers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8,
Q03017, doi:10.1029/2006GC001312.
Huang, S., Hall, P. S., and Jackson, M. G., 2011. Geochemical zoning of volcanic chains associated with Pacific hotspots. Nature
Geoscience, 4(12), 874–878, doi:10.1038/ngeo1263.
Jackson, E. D., and Wright, T. L., 1970. Xenoliths in the Honolulu
volcanic series. Journal of Petrology, 11, 405–430.
Jackson, M. G., Hart, S. R., Koppers, A. A. P., Staudigel, H., Konter,
J., Blusztajn, J., Kurz, M., and Russell, J. A., 2007. The return of
subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas. Nature, 448(7154),
684–687, doi:10.1038/nature06048.
Jacobsen, S. B., 1988. Isotopic and chemical constraints on mantlecrust evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52,
1341–1350.
Jordan, T. H., Puster, P., Glatzmeyer, G. A., and Tackley, P. J., 1993.
Comparisons between seismic earth structures and mantle flow
models based on radial correlation functions. Science, 261,
1427–1431, doi:10.1126/science.261.5127.1427.
King, S. D., 2007. Hotspots and edge-driven convection. Geology,
35(3), 223–226, doi:10.1130/g23291a.1.
Klein, E. M., and Langmuir, C. H., 1987. Ocean ridge basalt chemistry, axial depth, crustal thickness and temperature variations in
the mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 8089–8115.
Konter, J. G., and Jackson, M. G., 2012. Large volumes of rejuvenated volcanism in Samoa: evidence supporting a tectonic influence on late-stage volcanism. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 13(6), Q0AM04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003974.
Konter, J. G., Staudigel, H., Blichert-Toft, J., Hanan, B. B., Polvé,
M., Davies, G. R., Shimizu, N., and Schiffman, P., 2009. Geochemical stages at Jasper Seamount and the origin of intraplate
volcanoes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10,
doi:10.1029/2008gc002236.
Koppers, A. A. P., Russell, J. A., Jackson, M. G., Konter, J.,
Staudigel, H., and Hart, S. R., 2008. Samoa reinstated as a primary
hotspot trail. Geology, 36(6), 435–438, doi:10.1130/g24630a.1.
Kurz, M. D., Jenkins, W. J., Schilling, J. G., and Hart, S. R., 1982.
Helium isotopic variations in the mantle beneath the central
North Atlantic Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 58,
1–14.
Liu, M., and Chase, C. G., 1991. Evolution of Hawaiian basalts: a
hotspot melting model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
104(2‚Äì4), 151–165, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90201-R.
MacDonald, G. A., 1968. Composition and origin of Hawaiian
lavas. In Coats, R. R., Hay, R. N., and Anderson, C. A. (eds.),
Studies in Volcanology. Boulder: GSA, Vol. 116, pp. 82–133.
Michael, P. J., and Bonatti, E., 1985. Peridotite composition from
the North Atlantic: regional and tectonic variations and implications for partial melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
73, 91–104.
Molnar, P., and Stock, J., 1987. Relative motions of hotspots in the
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since late Cretaceous time.
Nature, 327, 587–591.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., Masters, G., Engdahl, R., and
Hung, S.-H., 2004. Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle. Science, 303(5656), 338–343,
doi:10.1126/science.1092485.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., and Masters, G., 2006.
A catalogue of deep mantle plumes: new results from finitefrequency tomography. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
7(11), Q11007, doi:10.1029/2006gc001248.
Moore, J., White, W. M., Paul, D., Duncan, R. A., Abouchami, W.,
Galer, S. J. G., 2011. Evolution of shield-building and rejuvenescent volcanism of Mauritius. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 207(1–2), 47–66, doi:10.1016/j.
jvolgeores.2011.07.005.
Morgan, W. J., 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle.
Nature, 230, 42–43.
Morgan, W. J., 1972. Plate motions and deep mantle convection. In
Shagam, R., Hargraves, R. B., Morgan, W. J., Van Houten, F. B.,
Burk, C. A., Holland, H. D., and Hollister, L. C. (eds.), Studies in
Earth and Space Sciences. Boulder: Geological Society of
America, Vol. 132, pp. 7–22.
Mukhopadhyay, S., 2012. Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon. Nature,
486(7401), 101–104.
Natland, J. H., 1980. The progression of volcanism in the Samoan
linear volcanic chain. American Journal of Science, 280-A(Part
2), 709–735.
O’Hara, M. J., 1973. Non-primary magmas and dubious mantle
plume beneath Iceland. Nature, 243(5409), 507–508,
doi:10.1038/243507a0.
O’Nions, R. K., Evensen, N. M., and Hamilton, P. J., 1979. Geochemical modelling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6091–6101.
Olsen, P., 1990. Hot spots, swells and mantle plumes. In Ryan, M. P.
(ed.), Magma Transport and Storage. New York: Wiley,
pp. 33–51.
Paul, D., White, W. M., and Blichert-Toft, J., 2005. Geochemistry of
Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent volcanism on oceanic
island volcanoes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6,
doi:10.1029/2004gc000883.
Payne, J. A., Jackson, M. G., and Hall, P. S., 2013. Parallel volcano
trends and geochemical asymmetry of the Society Islands
hotspot track. Geology, 41(1), 19–22, doi:10.1130/g33273.1.
Porcelli, D., and Elliott, T., 2008. The evolution of He Isotopes in
the convecting mantle and the preservation of high
3
He/
4
He
ratios. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 269(1‚2),
175–185, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.002.
Putirka, K. D., Perfit, M., Ryerson, F. J., and Jackson, M. G., 2007.
Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry,
and active vs. passive upwelling. Chemical Geology, 241(3–4),
177–206, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.014.
Putirka, K., Ryerson, F. J., Perfit, M., and Ridley, W. I., 2011. Mineralogy and composition of the oceanic mantle. Journal of
Petrology, 52(2), 279–313, doi:10.1093/petrology/egq080.
Reiners, P. W., 2002. Temporal-compositional trends in intraplate
basalt eruptions: implications for mantle heterogeneity and melting processes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(2),
1–30, doi:10.1029/2001GC000250.
326
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES
Q09001, doi:10.1029/2008GC002057.
Herzberg, C., Asimow, P. D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., Lesher, C. M.,
Fitton, J. G., Cheadle, M. J., and Saunders, A. D., 2007. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: constraints from basalts,
picrites, and komatiites. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
8, doi:10.1029/2006gc001390.
Hirano, N., Takahashi, E., Yamamoto, J., Abe, N., Ingle, S. P.,
Kaneoka, I., Hirata, T., Kimura, J.-I., Ishii, T., Ogawa, Y.,
Machida, S., and Suyehiro, K., 2006. Volcanism in response to
plate flexure. Science, 313(5792), 1426–1428, doi:10.1126/
science.1128235.
Hoernle, K., Werner, R., Morgan, J. P., Garbe-Schoenberg, D.,
Bryce, J., and Mrazek, J., 2000. Existence of complex spatial
zonation in the Galapagos Plume for at least 14 m.y. Geology,
28(5),
435–438,
doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<435:
EOCSZI>2.0.CO;2.
Hofmann, A. W., and Farnetani, C. G., 2013. Two views of Hawaiian plume structure. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
14(12), 5308–5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942.
Hofmann, A. W., and White, W. M., 1982. Mantle plumes from
ancient oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 57,
421–436.
Huang, J., and Davies, G. F., 2007. Stirring in three-dimensional
mantle convection models and implications for geochemistry;
2, Heavy tracers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8,
Q03017, doi:10.1029/2006GC001312.
Huang, S., Hall, P. S., and Jackson, M. G., 2011. Geochemical zoning of volcanic chains associated with Pacific hotspots. Nature
Geoscience, 4(12), 874–878, doi:10.1038/ngeo1263.
Jackson, E. D., and Wright, T. L., 1970. Xenoliths in the Honolulu
volcanic series. Journal of Petrology, 11, 405–430.
Jackson, M. G., Hart, S. R., Koppers, A. A. P., Staudigel, H., Konter,
J., Blusztajn, J., Kurz, M., and Russell, J. A., 2007. The return of
subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas. Nature, 448(7154),
684–687, doi:10.1038/nature06048.
Jacobsen, S. B., 1988. Isotopic and chemical constraints on mantlecrust evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52,
1341–1350.
Jordan, T. H., Puster, P., Glatzmeyer, G. A., and Tackley, P. J., 1993.
Comparisons between seismic earth structures and mantle flow
models based on radial correlation functions. Science, 261,
1427–1431, doi:10.1126/science.261.5127.1427.
King, S. D., 2007. Hotspots and edge-driven convection. Geology,
35(3), 223–226, doi:10.1130/g23291a.1.
Klein, E. M., and Langmuir, C. H., 1987. Ocean ridge basalt chemistry, axial depth, crustal thickness and temperature variations in
the mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 8089–8115.
Konter, J. G., and Jackson, M. G., 2012. Large volumes of rejuvenated volcanism in Samoa: evidence supporting a tectonic influence on late-stage volcanism. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 13(6), Q0AM04, doi:10.1029/2011GC003974.
Konter, J. G., Staudigel, H., Blichert-Toft, J., Hanan, B. B., Polvé,
M., Davies, G. R., Shimizu, N., and Schiffman, P., 2009. Geochemical stages at Jasper Seamount and the origin of intraplate
volcanoes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10,
doi:10.1029/2008gc002236.
Koppers, A. A. P., Russell, J. A., Jackson, M. G., Konter, J.,
Staudigel, H., and Hart, S. R., 2008. Samoa reinstated as a primary
hotspot trail. Geology, 36(6), 435–438, doi:10.1130/g24630a.1.
Kurz, M. D., Jenkins, W. J., Schilling, J. G., and Hart, S. R., 1982.
Helium isotopic variations in the mantle beneath the central
North Atlantic Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 58,
1–14.
Liu, M., and Chase, C. G., 1991. Evolution of Hawaiian basalts: a
hotspot melting model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
104(2‚Äì4), 151–165, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90201-R.
MacDonald, G. A., 1968. Composition and origin of Hawaiian
lavas. In Coats, R. R., Hay, R. N., and Anderson, C. A. (eds.),
Studies in Volcanology. Boulder: GSA, Vol. 116, pp. 82–133.
Michael, P. J., and Bonatti, E., 1985. Peridotite composition from
the North Atlantic: regional and tectonic variations and implications for partial melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
73, 91–104.
Molnar, P., and Stock, J., 1987. Relative motions of hotspots in the
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since late Cretaceous time.
Nature, 327, 587–591.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., Masters, G., Engdahl, R., and
Hung, S.-H., 2004. Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle. Science, 303(5656), 338–343,
doi:10.1126/science.1092485.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., and Masters, G., 2006.
A catalogue of deep mantle plumes: new results from finitefrequency tomography. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems,
7(11), Q11007, doi:10.1029/2006gc001248.
Moore, J., White, W. M., Paul, D., Duncan, R. A., Abouchami, W.,
Galer, S. J. G., 2011. Evolution of shield-building and rejuvenescent volcanism of Mauritius. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 207(1–2), 47–66, doi:10.1016/j.
jvolgeores.2011.07.005.
Morgan, W. J., 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle.
Nature, 230, 42–43.
Morgan, W. J., 1972. Plate motions and deep mantle convection. In
Shagam, R., Hargraves, R. B., Morgan, W. J., Van Houten, F. B.,
Burk, C. A., Holland, H. D., and Hollister, L. C. (eds.), Studies in
Earth and Space Sciences. Boulder: Geological Society of
America, Vol. 132, pp. 7–22.
Mukhopadhyay, S., 2012. Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon. Nature,
486(7401), 101–104.
Natland, J. H., 1980. The progression of volcanism in the Samoan
linear volcanic chain. American Journal of Science, 280-A(Part
2), 709–735.
O’Hara, M. J., 1973. Non-primary magmas and dubious mantle
plume beneath Iceland. Nature, 243(5409), 507–508,
doi:10.1038/243507a0.
O’Nions, R. K., Evensen, N. M., and Hamilton, P. J., 1979. Geochemical modelling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 6091–6101.
Olsen, P., 1990. Hot spots, swells and mantle plumes. In Ryan, M. P.
(ed.), Magma Transport and Storage. New York: Wiley,
pp. 33–51.
Paul, D., White, W. M., and Blichert-Toft, J., 2005. Geochemistry of
Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent volcanism on oceanic
island volcanoes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6,
doi:10.1029/2004gc000883.
Payne, J. A., Jackson, M. G., and Hall, P. S., 2013. Parallel volcano
trends and geochemical asymmetry of the Society Islands
hotspot track. Geology, 41(1), 19–22, doi:10.1130/g33273.1.
Porcelli, D., and Elliott, T., 2008. The evolution of He Isotopes in
the convecting mantle and the preservation of high
3
He/
4
He
ratios. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 269(1‚2),
175–185, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.002.
Putirka, K. D., Perfit, M., Ryerson, F. J., and Jackson, M. G., 2007.
Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry,
and active vs. passive upwelling. Chemical Geology, 241(3–4),
177–206, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.014.
Putirka, K., Ryerson, F. J., Perfit, M., and Ridley, W. I., 2011. Mineralogy and composition of the oceanic mantle. Journal of
Petrology, 52(2), 279–313, doi:10.1093/petrology/egq080.
Reiners, P. W., 2002. Temporal-compositional trends in intraplate
basalt eruptions: implications for mantle heterogeneity and melting processes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(2),
1–30, doi:10.1029/2001GC000250.
326
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES