ca. 124 kyr (Kuznetsov et al., 2011). It was shown that the
hydrothermal activity and related ore formation had a
pulse pattern marked by the certain number of episodes
with duration of up to several 1,000 years.
Summary
Two types of the U-series disequilibrium methods are
available for dating different ocean formations and are
based on radioactive (1) decay or (2) accumulation of
daughter isotope. At the present time, the most widespread
and well-founded methods are (1)
230
Th excess ,
231
Pa excess ,
and (2)
230
Th/
234
U and
231
Pa/
235 U dating methods of different ocean formations.
A number of ocean objects are suitable for
230 Th xs and
231
Pa xs dating: deep-sea sediments of different origin such
as carbonate (foraminiferal), silicate (radiolarian), or metalliferous sediments and ferromanganese nodules and
crusts. Both the
230 Th/U and
231
Pa/U methods play an
important role in dating corals and mollusk shells as well
as the
230
Th/U method which is most widely applied in
dating seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the ocean
hydrothermal zones.
Modern mass spectrometric analysis allows to determine
230
Th xs and
230 Th/U ages between several decades
to ca. 500 kyr and
231
Pa xs and
231
Pa/U ages up to
ca. 250 kyr. Mass spectrometric measurement of Th, Pa,
and U isotopes requires only tens or hundreds of milligrams of sample and provides high analytical precision.
Both the
230 Th xs and
231 Pa xs dating methods are widely
used in the determination of sedimentation rates of deepsea formations; they play an important role in building
the timescale of global climate changes in the past as well.
Both the
230
Th/U and
231
Pa/U methods are widely used in
the study of sea-level changes in the past.
Bibliography
Andersen, M. B., Stirling, C. H., Potter, E.-K., Halliday, A. N.,
Blake, S. G., McCulloch, M. T., Ayling, B. F., and O’Leary,
M., 2008. High-precision U-series measurements of more than
500,000 year old fossil corals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265, 229–245.
Anderson, R. F., Bacon, M. P., and Brewer, P. G., 1983a. Removal
of
230 Th and
231
Pa from the open ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 62, 7–23.
Anderson, R. F., Bacon, M. P., and Brewer, P. G., 1983b. Removal
of
230 Th and
231
Pa at ocean margins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66, 73–90.
Arslanov, K. A., Tertychny, N. I., Kuznetsov, V. Y., Chernov, S. B.,
Lokshin, N. V., Gerasimova, S. A., Maksimov, F. E., and
Dodonov, A. E., 2002.
230 Th/U and
14 C dating of mollusc shells
from the coasts of the Caspian, Barents, White and Black Seas.
Geochronometria, 21, 49–56.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Fairbanks, R. G., and Zindler, A., 1990. Calibration of the
14 C timescale over the last 30,000 years using
mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature,
345, 461–468.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Arnold, M., Montaggioni, L., Cabioch, G.,
Faure, G., and Rougerie, F., 1996. Deglacial sea level record
from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge.
Nature, 382, 241–244.
Barnes, J. W., Lang, E. J., and Portratz, K. A., 1956. Ratio of ionium
to thorium in coral limestone. Science, 124, 175–176.
Broecker, W. S., and Van Donk, J., 1970. Insolation changes, ice
volumes and the
18 O record in deep-sea cores. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 8(1), 169–198.
Broecker, W. S., Thurber, D. L., Goddard, J., Ku, T. K., Matthews,
R. K., and Mesolella, K. J., 1968. Milankovitch hypothesis
supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep sea sediments. Science, 159, 297–300.
Chen, J. H., Edwards, R. L., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1986. U-238,
U-234, and Th-232 in seawater. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 80, 241–251.
Claude-Ivanaj, C., Hofmann, A. W., Vlastelic, I., and Koschinsky,
A., 2001. Recording changes in ENADW composition over the
last 340 ka using high-precision lead isotopes in a Fe-Mn crust.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 188, 73–89.
Cochran, J. K., 1992. The oceanic chemistry of the uranium and thorium series nuclides. In Ivanovich, M., and Harmon, R. S. (eds.),
Uranium-Series Disequilibrium: Applications to Earth, Marine,
and Environmental Sciences, 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon,
pp. 334–395.
Cochran, J. K., and Masque, P., 2003. Short-lived U/Th-series
radionuclides in the ocean: tracers for scavenging rates, export
fluxes and particle dynamics. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52, 461–492.
Cutler, K. B., Edwards, R. L., Taylor, F. W., Cheng, H., Adkins, J.,
Gallup, C. D., Cutler, P. M., Burr, G. S., Chappell, J., and Bloom,
A. L., 2003. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature
change since the last interglacial. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 206, 253–271.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1986.
238 U234 U230 Th232 Th systematics and the precise measurement
of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 81, 175–192.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., Ku, T.-L., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1987.
Precise timing of the last interglacial period from mass spectrometric analysis of
230 Th in corals. Science, 236, 1547–1553.
Edwards, R. L., Beck, J. W., Burr, G. S., Donahue, D. J., Druffel,
E. R. M., and Taylor, F. W., 1993. A large drop in atmospheric
14 C/
12 C and reduced melting during the Younger Dryas,
documented with
230 Th ages of corals. Science, 260, 962–968.
Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Murrell, M. T., and Goldstein, S. J.,
1997. Protactinium-231 dating of carbonates by thermal ionization mass spectrometry: implications for Quaternary climate
change. Science, 276, 782–786.
Edwards, R. L., Gallup, C. D., and Cheng, H., 2003. Uranium-series
dating of marine and lacustrine carbonates. Uranium-Series
Geochemistry, 52, 363–405.
Eisenhauer, A., Gogen, K., Pernicka, E., and Mangini, F., 1992. Climatic influences on the growth rates of Mn crusts during the late
Quaternary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 109, 25–36.
Finney, B., Heath, G. R., and Lyle, M., 1984. Growth rates of
manganese-rich nodules at MANOP Site H (Eastern North
Pacific). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48(5), 911–919.
Frank, N., Turpin, L., Cabioch, G., Blamart, D., Tressens-Fedou,
M., Colin, C., and Jean-Baptiste, P., 2006. Open system
U-series ages of corals from a subsiding reef in New Caledonia:
implications for sea level changes and subsidence rate. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 274–289.
Geyh, M. A., 2001. Reflections on the
230 Th/U dating of dirty material. Geochronometria, 20, 9–14.
Hanebuth, T., Stattegger, K., and Grootes, P. M., 2000. Rapid
flooding of the Sunda Shelf: a late-glacial sea-level record. Science, 288, 1033–1035.
Henderson, G. M., and Anderson, R. F., 2003. The U-series toolbox
for paleoceanography. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52(1), 493–531.
274
GEOCHRONOLOGY: URANIUM-SERIES DATING OF OCEAN FORMATIONS
hydrothermal activity and related ore formation had a
pulse pattern marked by the certain number of episodes
with duration of up to several 1,000 years.
Summary
Two types of the U-series disequilibrium methods are
available for dating different ocean formations and are
based on radioactive (1) decay or (2) accumulation of
daughter isotope. At the present time, the most widespread
and well-founded methods are (1)
230
Th excess ,
231
Pa excess ,
and (2)
230
Th/
234
U and
231
Pa/
235 U dating methods of different ocean formations.
A number of ocean objects are suitable for
230 Th xs and
231
Pa xs dating: deep-sea sediments of different origin such
as carbonate (foraminiferal), silicate (radiolarian), or metalliferous sediments and ferromanganese nodules and
crusts. Both the
230 Th/U and
231
Pa/U methods play an
important role in dating corals and mollusk shells as well
as the
230
Th/U method which is most widely applied in
dating seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the ocean
hydrothermal zones.
Modern mass spectrometric analysis allows to determine
230
Th xs and
230 Th/U ages between several decades
to ca. 500 kyr and
231
Pa xs and
231
Pa/U ages up to
ca. 250 kyr. Mass spectrometric measurement of Th, Pa,
and U isotopes requires only tens or hundreds of milligrams of sample and provides high analytical precision.
Both the
230 Th xs and
231 Pa xs dating methods are widely
used in the determination of sedimentation rates of deepsea formations; they play an important role in building
the timescale of global climate changes in the past as well.
Both the
230
Th/U and
231
Pa/U methods are widely used in
the study of sea-level changes in the past.
Bibliography
Andersen, M. B., Stirling, C. H., Potter, E.-K., Halliday, A. N.,
Blake, S. G., McCulloch, M. T., Ayling, B. F., and O’Leary,
M., 2008. High-precision U-series measurements of more than
500,000 year old fossil corals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265, 229–245.
Anderson, R. F., Bacon, M. P., and Brewer, P. G., 1983a. Removal
of
230 Th and
231
Pa from the open ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 62, 7–23.
Anderson, R. F., Bacon, M. P., and Brewer, P. G., 1983b. Removal
of
230 Th and
231
Pa at ocean margins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66, 73–90.
Arslanov, K. A., Tertychny, N. I., Kuznetsov, V. Y., Chernov, S. B.,
Lokshin, N. V., Gerasimova, S. A., Maksimov, F. E., and
Dodonov, A. E., 2002.
230 Th/U and
14 C dating of mollusc shells
from the coasts of the Caspian, Barents, White and Black Seas.
Geochronometria, 21, 49–56.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Fairbanks, R. G., and Zindler, A., 1990. Calibration of the
14 C timescale over the last 30,000 years using
mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature,
345, 461–468.
Bard, E., Hamelin, B., Arnold, M., Montaggioni, L., Cabioch, G.,
Faure, G., and Rougerie, F., 1996. Deglacial sea level record
from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge.
Nature, 382, 241–244.
Barnes, J. W., Lang, E. J., and Portratz, K. A., 1956. Ratio of ionium
to thorium in coral limestone. Science, 124, 175–176.
Broecker, W. S., and Van Donk, J., 1970. Insolation changes, ice
volumes and the
18 O record in deep-sea cores. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 8(1), 169–198.
Broecker, W. S., Thurber, D. L., Goddard, J., Ku, T. K., Matthews,
R. K., and Mesolella, K. J., 1968. Milankovitch hypothesis
supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep sea sediments. Science, 159, 297–300.
Chen, J. H., Edwards, R. L., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1986. U-238,
U-234, and Th-232 in seawater. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 80, 241–251.
Claude-Ivanaj, C., Hofmann, A. W., Vlastelic, I., and Koschinsky,
A., 2001. Recording changes in ENADW composition over the
last 340 ka using high-precision lead isotopes in a Fe-Mn crust.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 188, 73–89.
Cochran, J. K., 1992. The oceanic chemistry of the uranium and thorium series nuclides. In Ivanovich, M., and Harmon, R. S. (eds.),
Uranium-Series Disequilibrium: Applications to Earth, Marine,
and Environmental Sciences, 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon,
pp. 334–395.
Cochran, J. K., and Masque, P., 2003. Short-lived U/Th-series
radionuclides in the ocean: tracers for scavenging rates, export
fluxes and particle dynamics. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52, 461–492.
Cutler, K. B., Edwards, R. L., Taylor, F. W., Cheng, H., Adkins, J.,
Gallup, C. D., Cutler, P. M., Burr, G. S., Chappell, J., and Bloom,
A. L., 2003. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature
change since the last interglacial. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 206, 253–271.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1986.
238 U234 U230 Th232 Th systematics and the precise measurement
of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 81, 175–192.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., Ku, T.-L., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1987.
Precise timing of the last interglacial period from mass spectrometric analysis of
230 Th in corals. Science, 236, 1547–1553.
Edwards, R. L., Beck, J. W., Burr, G. S., Donahue, D. J., Druffel,
E. R. M., and Taylor, F. W., 1993. A large drop in atmospheric
14 C/
12 C and reduced melting during the Younger Dryas,
documented with
230 Th ages of corals. Science, 260, 962–968.
Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Murrell, M. T., and Goldstein, S. J.,
1997. Protactinium-231 dating of carbonates by thermal ionization mass spectrometry: implications for Quaternary climate
change. Science, 276, 782–786.
Edwards, R. L., Gallup, C. D., and Cheng, H., 2003. Uranium-series
dating of marine and lacustrine carbonates. Uranium-Series
Geochemistry, 52, 363–405.
Eisenhauer, A., Gogen, K., Pernicka, E., and Mangini, F., 1992. Climatic influences on the growth rates of Mn crusts during the late
Quaternary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 109, 25–36.
Finney, B., Heath, G. R., and Lyle, M., 1984. Growth rates of
manganese-rich nodules at MANOP Site H (Eastern North
Pacific). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48(5), 911–919.
Frank, N., Turpin, L., Cabioch, G., Blamart, D., Tressens-Fedou,
M., Colin, C., and Jean-Baptiste, P., 2006. Open system
U-series ages of corals from a subsiding reef in New Caledonia:
implications for sea level changes and subsidence rate. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 274–289.
Geyh, M. A., 2001. Reflections on the
230 Th/U dating of dirty material. Geochronometria, 20, 9–14.
Hanebuth, T., Stattegger, K., and Grootes, P. M., 2000. Rapid
flooding of the Sunda Shelf: a late-glacial sea-level record. Science, 288, 1033–1035.
Henderson, G. M., and Anderson, R. F., 2003. The U-series toolbox
for paleoceanography. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52(1), 493–531.
274
GEOCHRONOLOGY: URANIUM-SERIES DATING OF OCEAN FORMATIONS