The development of carbon isotopes at the bulk sediment,
foraminifera shell, and compound-specific (molecular)
level, especially when combined with complementary evidence on biota, nutrients, ocean chemistry and redox, and
modeling, has opened new pathways to unravel the complex interplay between fluctuations of the main carbon
pools between the atmosphere, the living biosphere, and
carbon buried in the sediments and their interactions with
and impact on global climate at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Bibliography
Berger, W. H., Killingley, J. S., and Vincent, E., 1978. Stable isotopes in deep-sea carbonates: box core ERDC-92, West equatorial Pacific. Oceanologica Acta, 1, 203–216.
Broecker, W. S., and Maier-Reimer, E., 1992. The influence of air
and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6, 315–320.
Broecker, W. S., and Peng, T.-H., 1982. Tracers in the Sea. Palisades: Eldigio Press.
Caplan, M. L., and Bustin, R. M., 1999. Devonian-carboniferous
Hangenberg mass extinction event, widespread organic-rich
mudrock
and
anoxia:
causes
and
consequences.
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 148,
187–207.
Cohen, A. S., Coe, A. L., and Kemp, D. B., 2007. The late
Paleocene-early Eocene and Toarcian (early Jurassic) carbonisotope excursions: a comparison of their timescales, associated
environmental changes, causes and consequences. Journal of the
Geological Society (London), 164, 1093–1108.
Coplen, T. B., 1996. New guidelines for the reporting of stable
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope ratio data. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 3359–3360.
Craig, H., 1953. The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 3, 53–92.
DeConto, R., Galeotti, S., Pagani, M., Tracy, D., Schaefer, K.,
Zhang, T., Pollard, D., and Beerling, D. J., 2012. Past extreme
warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing
permafrost. Nature, 484, 87–92.
Degens, E. T., Guillard, R. R. L., Sackett, W. M., and Hellebust,
J. A., 1968. Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in marine
plankton. I. Temperature and respiration experiments. Deep Sea
Research, 15, 1–9.
Garlick, G. D., 1974. The stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, and
hydrogen in the marine environment. In Goldberg, E. D. (ed.),
The Sea. New York: Wiley, Vol. 5, pp. 393–425.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G., 2012. The
Geological Time Scale. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Gröcke, D. R., Hesselbo, S. P., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1999. Carbonisotope composition of lower Cretaceous fossil wood: ocean–
atmosphere chemistry and relation to sea-level change. Geology,
27, 155–158.
Herrle, J. O., Kößler, P., Friedrich, O., Erlenkeuser, H., and
Hemleben, C., 2004. High-resolution carbon isotope records of
the Aptian to Lower Albian from SE France and the Mazagan
Plateau (DSPD site 545): a stratigraphic tool for
paleocanographic and paleobiologic reconstruction. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 218, 149–161.
Hoefs, J., 2009. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer,
Vol. 6.
Jenkyns, H. C., 2003. Evidence for rapid climate change in the
Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 361,
1885–1916.
Joachimski, M. M., and Buggisch, W., 1993. Anoxic events in the
late Frasnian – causes of the Frasnian-Famennian faunal crisis?
Geology, 21, 675–678.
Korte, C., and Kozur, H. W., 2010. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy
across the Permian-Triassic boundary: a review. Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences, 39, 215–235.
Kroopnick, P., 1985. The distribution of
13 C of SCO 2 in the world
oceans. Deep Sea Research, 32, 5784.
Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R., and Shinninghe Damsté, J. S.,
1999. A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO 2 concentration
during Cretaceous times. Nature, 399, 342–345.
Mackensen, A., Hubberten, H. W., Bickert, T., Fischer, G., and
Fütterer, D. K., 1993. The
13 C in benthic foraminiferal tests of
Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative to the
13 C of
dissolved inorganic carbon in southern ocean deep water: implications for glacial ocean circulation models. Paleoceanography,
8, 587–610.
McAnena, A., Flogel, S., Hofmann, P., Herrle, J. O., Griesand, A.,
Pross, J., Talbot, H. M., Rethemeyer, J., Wallmann, K., and Wagner, T., 2013. Atlantic cooling associated with a marine biotic
crisis during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature Geoscience, 6,
558–561.
McConnaughy, T., 1989.
13 C and
18 O disequilibrium in biological
carbonates: I. Patterns. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53,
151–162.
McCorkle, D. C., Keigwin, L. D., Corliss, B. H., and Emerson,
S. R., 1990. The influence of microhabitats on the carbon isotopic composition of deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 5, 161–185.
Munnecke, A., Samtleben, C., and Bickert, T., 2003. The Ireviken
event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden – relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events. Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 195, 99–124.
Pearson, P. N., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A., 1993. Stable isotope paleoecology of middle Eocene planktonic foraminifera and
integrated isotope stratigraphy, DSDP Site 523, South
Atlantic. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 23, 123–140.
Ravelo, A., and Hillarie-Marcel, C., 2007. The use of oxygen and
carbon isotopes of foraminifera in paleoceanography. In
Hillaire-Marcel, C., and de Vernal, A. (eds.), Proxies in Late
Cenozoic Paleoceanography. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Developments in Marine Geology, Vol. 1, pp. 735–764.
Rohling, E. J., and Cook, S., 1999. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes
on foraminiferal carbonate shells. In Gupta, B. K. S. (ed.), Modern
Foraminifera. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 239–258.
Saltzman, M. R., and Thomas, E., 2012. Carbon isotope stratigraphy. In Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg,
G. (eds.), The Geological Time Scale. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
Vol. 1, pp. 207–232.
Schidlowski, M., and Aharon, P., 1992. Carbon cycle and carbon
isotopic record: geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth
history. In Schidlowski, M., et al. (eds.), Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources. Berlin:
Springer, pp. 147–175.
Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic
anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw,
55, 179–184.
Scholle, P. A., and Arthur, M. A., 1980. Carbon-isotope fluctuations
in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and
petroleum exploration tool. AAPG Bulletin, 64, 67–87.
Sundquist, E. T., and Visser, K., 2004. The geologic history of the
carbon cycle. Treatise on Geochemistry, 8, 425–472.
Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F.,
Carden, G. A. F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper,
T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O., and Strauss, H., 1999.
87 Sr/
86 Sr, d
13 C and d
18 O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater.
Chemical Geology, 161, 37–57.
CARBON ISOTOPES
77
foraminifera shell, and compound-specific (molecular)
level, especially when combined with complementary evidence on biota, nutrients, ocean chemistry and redox, and
modeling, has opened new pathways to unravel the complex interplay between fluctuations of the main carbon
pools between the atmosphere, the living biosphere, and
carbon buried in the sediments and their interactions with
and impact on global climate at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Bibliography
Berger, W. H., Killingley, J. S., and Vincent, E., 1978. Stable isotopes in deep-sea carbonates: box core ERDC-92, West equatorial Pacific. Oceanologica Acta, 1, 203–216.
Broecker, W. S., and Maier-Reimer, E., 1992. The influence of air
and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6, 315–320.
Broecker, W. S., and Peng, T.-H., 1982. Tracers in the Sea. Palisades: Eldigio Press.
Caplan, M. L., and Bustin, R. M., 1999. Devonian-carboniferous
Hangenberg mass extinction event, widespread organic-rich
mudrock
and
anoxia:
causes
and
consequences.
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 148,
187–207.
Cohen, A. S., Coe, A. L., and Kemp, D. B., 2007. The late
Paleocene-early Eocene and Toarcian (early Jurassic) carbonisotope excursions: a comparison of their timescales, associated
environmental changes, causes and consequences. Journal of the
Geological Society (London), 164, 1093–1108.
Coplen, T. B., 1996. New guidelines for the reporting of stable
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope ratio data. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 3359–3360.
Craig, H., 1953. The geochemistry of the stable carbon isotopes.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 3, 53–92.
DeConto, R., Galeotti, S., Pagani, M., Tracy, D., Schaefer, K.,
Zhang, T., Pollard, D., and Beerling, D. J., 2012. Past extreme
warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing
permafrost. Nature, 484, 87–92.
Degens, E. T., Guillard, R. R. L., Sackett, W. M., and Hellebust,
J. A., 1968. Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in marine
plankton. I. Temperature and respiration experiments. Deep Sea
Research, 15, 1–9.
Garlick, G. D., 1974. The stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, and
hydrogen in the marine environment. In Goldberg, E. D. (ed.),
The Sea. New York: Wiley, Vol. 5, pp. 393–425.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G., 2012. The
Geological Time Scale. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Gröcke, D. R., Hesselbo, S. P., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1999. Carbonisotope composition of lower Cretaceous fossil wood: ocean–
atmosphere chemistry and relation to sea-level change. Geology,
27, 155–158.
Herrle, J. O., Kößler, P., Friedrich, O., Erlenkeuser, H., and
Hemleben, C., 2004. High-resolution carbon isotope records of
the Aptian to Lower Albian from SE France and the Mazagan
Plateau (DSPD site 545): a stratigraphic tool for
paleocanographic and paleobiologic reconstruction. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 218, 149–161.
Hoefs, J., 2009. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer,
Vol. 6.
Jenkyns, H. C., 2003. Evidence for rapid climate change in the
Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 361,
1885–1916.
Joachimski, M. M., and Buggisch, W., 1993. Anoxic events in the
late Frasnian – causes of the Frasnian-Famennian faunal crisis?
Geology, 21, 675–678.
Korte, C., and Kozur, H. W., 2010. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy
across the Permian-Triassic boundary: a review. Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences, 39, 215–235.
Kroopnick, P., 1985. The distribution of
13 C of SCO 2 in the world
oceans. Deep Sea Research, 32, 5784.
Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R., and Shinninghe Damsté, J. S.,
1999. A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO 2 concentration
during Cretaceous times. Nature, 399, 342–345.
Mackensen, A., Hubberten, H. W., Bickert, T., Fischer, G., and
Fütterer, D. K., 1993. The
13 C in benthic foraminiferal tests of
Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative to the
13 C of
dissolved inorganic carbon in southern ocean deep water: implications for glacial ocean circulation models. Paleoceanography,
8, 587–610.
McAnena, A., Flogel, S., Hofmann, P., Herrle, J. O., Griesand, A.,
Pross, J., Talbot, H. M., Rethemeyer, J., Wallmann, K., and Wagner, T., 2013. Atlantic cooling associated with a marine biotic
crisis during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature Geoscience, 6,
558–561.
McConnaughy, T., 1989.
13 C and
18 O disequilibrium in biological
carbonates: I. Patterns. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53,
151–162.
McCorkle, D. C., Keigwin, L. D., Corliss, B. H., and Emerson,
S. R., 1990. The influence of microhabitats on the carbon isotopic composition of deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 5, 161–185.
Munnecke, A., Samtleben, C., and Bickert, T., 2003. The Ireviken
event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden – relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events. Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 195, 99–124.
Pearson, P. N., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A., 1993. Stable isotope paleoecology of middle Eocene planktonic foraminifera and
integrated isotope stratigraphy, DSDP Site 523, South
Atlantic. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 23, 123–140.
Ravelo, A., and Hillarie-Marcel, C., 2007. The use of oxygen and
carbon isotopes of foraminifera in paleoceanography. In
Hillaire-Marcel, C., and de Vernal, A. (eds.), Proxies in Late
Cenozoic Paleoceanography. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Developments in Marine Geology, Vol. 1, pp. 735–764.
Rohling, E. J., and Cook, S., 1999. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes
on foraminiferal carbonate shells. In Gupta, B. K. S. (ed.), Modern
Foraminifera. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 239–258.
Saltzman, M. R., and Thomas, E., 2012. Carbon isotope stratigraphy. In Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg,
G. (eds.), The Geological Time Scale. Amsterdam: Elsevier,
Vol. 1, pp. 207–232.
Schidlowski, M., and Aharon, P., 1992. Carbon cycle and carbon
isotopic record: geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth
history. In Schidlowski, M., et al. (eds.), Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources. Berlin:
Springer, pp. 147–175.
Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic
anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw,
55, 179–184.
Scholle, P. A., and Arthur, M. A., 1980. Carbon-isotope fluctuations
in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and
petroleum exploration tool. AAPG Bulletin, 64, 67–87.
Sundquist, E. T., and Visser, K., 2004. The geologic history of the
carbon cycle. Treatise on Geochemistry, 8, 425–472.
Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F.,
Carden, G. A. F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper,
T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O., and Strauss, H., 1999.
87 Sr/
86 Sr, d
13 C and d
18 O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater.
Chemical Geology, 161, 37–57.
CARBON ISOTOPES
77