345
wind
whales -7mammals, marine.
white-capping breaking of wind waves in the open sea.
Wilkes Expedition (1832-1842) also known as the US Exploring Expeditions under C.
Wilkes, a naval squadron of six small ships (flagship Vincennes, further
Peacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying Fish and Sea Gull) explored all oceans and
mapped in particular in the Pacific e.g., 800 miles Oregon coast, 280 islands
and 1500 miles of the Antarctic coast, providing clear evidence of the existence of an Antarctic continent. The expedition added to the hydrography
and meteorology of the Southern Ocean and also studied geology and biology. James Dwight Dana (geologist) was the most gifted of the scientists,
T.R. Peale and C. Pickering were the naturalists. With the acquisition of the
Wilkes collection the National Museum of the US, the Smithsonian, was created. The expedition signaled the emergence of the USA as a naval and scientific power with worldwide interests also in the Antarctic.
Willem Barents Expeditions (1878-1883) the finding of remains of the overwintering of Heemskerk and Barentsz in 1596-1597 on Nova Zembla by Gardiner, and the donation of these remains to the Dutch, renewed interest in
The Netherlands in the northern seas, resulting in these expeditions. Each
summer they studied the Barents Sea, the first years under Captain de
Bruyne. Naturalists on board have been i.a. C.P. Sluiter, Max Weber, F.H. van
Lidth de Jeude. The rich collections made during dredging down to the
deepest parts (500 fathoms) were published in the Dutch journal Bijdragen tot
de Dierkunde. Weber suggested that macroalgae, which he found fixed to a
stone down to the remarkable depth of 175 fathoms, formed the main food
as detritus for all the benthic fauna. He did not consider the possibility that this
had been drifting algae nor the possible role of sedimenting phytoplankton as
a food source.
wind flow of moving air. Near the surface of the earth the wind is influenced by
friction at higher levels the wind is approximately in geostrophic balance. As the
friction of the wind over sea is small compared with that over land, the wind
is usually stronger over the sea. The wind shows variations in speed and
direction at short time scales. In meteorological reports mean values are
given; the variations around this mean constitute the atmospheric turbulence. The wind is measured with anemometers. The conventional level is 10 m
above the ground in an area free of obstacles. At sea these conditions are not
easy to fulfill, as the measuring platform (ship or structure) disturbs the
flow. The wind at sea is often described by an estimate of the wind force
according to the Beaufort scale (0 = calm, ... 12 = hurricane). For each
Beaufort number a range of wind speeds has been established empirically
(Beaufort equivalents) by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
wind
whales -7mammals, marine.
white-capping breaking of wind waves in the open sea.
Wilkes Expedition (1832-1842) also known as the US Exploring Expeditions under C.
Wilkes, a naval squadron of six small ships (flagship Vincennes, further
Peacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying Fish and Sea Gull) explored all oceans and
mapped in particular in the Pacific e.g., 800 miles Oregon coast, 280 islands
and 1500 miles of the Antarctic coast, providing clear evidence of the existence of an Antarctic continent. The expedition added to the hydrography
and meteorology of the Southern Ocean and also studied geology and biology. James Dwight Dana (geologist) was the most gifted of the scientists,
T.R. Peale and C. Pickering were the naturalists. With the acquisition of the
Wilkes collection the National Museum of the US, the Smithsonian, was created. The expedition signaled the emergence of the USA as a naval and scientific power with worldwide interests also in the Antarctic.
Willem Barents Expeditions (1878-1883) the finding of remains of the overwintering of Heemskerk and Barentsz in 1596-1597 on Nova Zembla by Gardiner, and the donation of these remains to the Dutch, renewed interest in
The Netherlands in the northern seas, resulting in these expeditions. Each
summer they studied the Barents Sea, the first years under Captain de
Bruyne. Naturalists on board have been i.a. C.P. Sluiter, Max Weber, F.H. van
Lidth de Jeude. The rich collections made during dredging down to the
deepest parts (500 fathoms) were published in the Dutch journal Bijdragen tot
de Dierkunde. Weber suggested that macroalgae, which he found fixed to a
stone down to the remarkable depth of 175 fathoms, formed the main food
as detritus for all the benthic fauna. He did not consider the possibility that this
had been drifting algae nor the possible role of sedimenting phytoplankton as
a food source.
wind flow of moving air. Near the surface of the earth the wind is influenced by
friction at higher levels the wind is approximately in geostrophic balance. As the
friction of the wind over sea is small compared with that over land, the wind
is usually stronger over the sea. The wind shows variations in speed and
direction at short time scales. In meteorological reports mean values are
given; the variations around this mean constitute the atmospheric turbulence. The wind is measured with anemometers. The conventional level is 10 m
above the ground in an area free of obstacles. At sea these conditions are not
easy to fulfill, as the measuring platform (ship or structure) disturbs the
flow. The wind at sea is often described by an estimate of the wind force
according to the Beaufort scale (0 = calm, ... 12 = hurricane). For each
Beaufort number a range of wind speeds has been established empirically
(Beaufort equivalents) by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).