335
Vening Meinesz' Submarine Pendulum Surveys
varve thin bed of sediment or lamina or sequence of laminae deposited in a
single year. The well-known glacial varve consists of a thin pair of graded
layers yearly deposited in glacial lakes; the lower "summer" layer is made up
of relatively coarse-grained sediment transported by meltwater streams,
whereas the upper "winter" layer consists of very fine-grained (clayey) sediment slowly deposited from suspension in quiet water when the streams
were ice-bound. Marine varves, the three rings of the oceans, contain dark
laminae originating from seasonally cyclic biogenic production or seasonal
changes in terrigenous sediment supply. Examples are diatom varves in the
Guyana Basin, Gulf of California, and the varves in the Santa Barbara Basin,
California, caused by increased sedimentation during the winter rain period on land. Varves can be counted to measure the age of the deposits
involved. ~graded bedding.
Vega Expedition (1878-1880) the powered sailing vessel Vega under command of
Baron A.E. NordenskiOld left G6teborg in July to try to sail the so-called
North East Passage, north of Siberia to the Pacific. The Vega at first went
very successfully but became stuck in the pack ice just before reaching the
Bering Strait to be released only nine months later. On 2 September 1879 the
Vega reached Yokohama. The winter in the ice was used for astronomical
and meteorological measurements, for dredging, collecting a rich bottom
fauna, and for a couple of journeys on land for ethnographical studies in
Siberia.
veliger larva of Mollusca, which develops from a trochophore. Ciliated bands have
become larger; foot, mantle, shell, and other organs of adult are present.
velum contractile ectodermic fold extending from the edge of the body of a
medusa.
Vening Meinesz' Submarine Pendulum Surveys (1923-1935) started to investigate
the equatorial cross-section of the world for which gravity measurements
had to be made along or parallel to the equator. Accurate measurements
were made using a pendulum apparatus and they had to be made some tens
of meters below the sea surface to avoid movements of the ship due to the
influence of waves, therefore submarines were used and several times the
world was circumnavigated in cruises totaling some 100000 nautical miles. The
earth was found to be round, not elliptic as suggested earlier. Moreover,
zones of negative gravity anomalies were found e.g., in a narrow belt running south of Sumatra, Java, Timor to Ceram. Vening Meinesz explained this
with his down-buckling theory: compressional forces forced light crustal
material deep into the earth mantle. They were later explained as subduction zones in the theory of global plate tectonics.
Vening Meinesz' Submarine Pendulum Surveys
varve thin bed of sediment or lamina or sequence of laminae deposited in a
single year. The well-known glacial varve consists of a thin pair of graded
layers yearly deposited in glacial lakes; the lower "summer" layer is made up
of relatively coarse-grained sediment transported by meltwater streams,
whereas the upper "winter" layer consists of very fine-grained (clayey) sediment slowly deposited from suspension in quiet water when the streams
were ice-bound. Marine varves, the three rings of the oceans, contain dark
laminae originating from seasonally cyclic biogenic production or seasonal
changes in terrigenous sediment supply. Examples are diatom varves in the
Guyana Basin, Gulf of California, and the varves in the Santa Barbara Basin,
California, caused by increased sedimentation during the winter rain period on land. Varves can be counted to measure the age of the deposits
involved. ~graded bedding.
Vega Expedition (1878-1880) the powered sailing vessel Vega under command of
Baron A.E. NordenskiOld left G6teborg in July to try to sail the so-called
North East Passage, north of Siberia to the Pacific. The Vega at first went
very successfully but became stuck in the pack ice just before reaching the
Bering Strait to be released only nine months later. On 2 September 1879 the
Vega reached Yokohama. The winter in the ice was used for astronomical
and meteorological measurements, for dredging, collecting a rich bottom
fauna, and for a couple of journeys on land for ethnographical studies in
Siberia.
veliger larva of Mollusca, which develops from a trochophore. Ciliated bands have
become larger; foot, mantle, shell, and other organs of adult are present.
velum contractile ectodermic fold extending from the edge of the body of a
medusa.
Vening Meinesz' Submarine Pendulum Surveys (1923-1935) started to investigate
the equatorial cross-section of the world for which gravity measurements
had to be made along or parallel to the equator. Accurate measurements
were made using a pendulum apparatus and they had to be made some tens
of meters below the sea surface to avoid movements of the ship due to the
influence of waves, therefore submarines were used and several times the
world was circumnavigated in cruises totaling some 100000 nautical miles. The
earth was found to be round, not elliptic as suggested earlier. Moreover,
zones of negative gravity anomalies were found e.g., in a narrow belt running south of Sumatra, Java, Timor to Ceram. Vening Meinesz explained this
with his down-buckling theory: compressional forces forced light crustal
material deep into the earth mantle. They were later explained as subduction zones in the theory of global plate tectonics.