ocean exploration
214
the large-scale motions and to incorporate the small-scale motion in turbulence.
ocean exploration precedes oceanography. Primarily exploration at sea was aiming
at the investigation of new shipping routes or at finding new land. A transition to real ocean exploration took place with the voyages of Captain James
Cook (1728-1779), one of the greatest explorers and navigators. He made
three round-the-world voyages over a period of 12 years, during which he
destroyed the myth of the southern continent. He claimed Australia and New
Zealand for the British Crown, charted the islands of the Pacific. Used the
Endeavour on his first voyage (1768-1771) on which he was accompanied by
the naturalists Banks and Solander. He was murdered on Hawaii. Later explorations often involved scientists (e.g., Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle
(1831-1836) with Captain R. Fitzroy, -?evolution). The Challenger Deep-Sea
Expedition (1872-1876) marked the beginning of oceanographic expeditions.
oceanic basement oceanic crust below sedimentary deposits, extending downward to the Mohorovicic discontinuity. The top of the basement usually forms a
clear reflecting horizon in seismic reflection shooting. -?Iayer 1, layer 2, etc.
oceanic crust -?crust.
oceanographic station geographic position at sea where a research vessel is
stopped to allow measurements and sampling.
oceanography literal meaning: description of the oceans. Used for the scientific
studies of ocean, its boundaries and bottom topography, its physics and
chemistry and of its marine organisms, including the interrelations and
interactions. Sometimes the word "oceanology" is used instead, but this may
also be used to incorporate marine technology. Traditionally, the Challenger
Deep-Sea Expedition (1872-1876) is taken as the starting point of modern
oceanography.
Octocorallia subclass of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Colonial animals
with cylindrical polyps, which have eight feather-like tentacles. The skeleton
is internal, consisting of spiculae in the mesogloea. The subclass is divided into
several orders of which the main ones are: Stolonifera (organ pipe corals),
Alcyonacea (soft corals with example Alcyonium or dead man's finger),
Helioporacea (blue coral), Gorgonacea (horny corals, sea fans, sea whips), and
Pennatulacea (sea pens).
Octopoda (octopods) order of the class Cephalopoda (phylum Mollusca). Octopods
are cephalopods with eight suckered arms and a globular muscular body
without an internal shell. The two eyes are highly developed, and the mouth
214
the large-scale motions and to incorporate the small-scale motion in turbulence.
ocean exploration precedes oceanography. Primarily exploration at sea was aiming
at the investigation of new shipping routes or at finding new land. A transition to real ocean exploration took place with the voyages of Captain James
Cook (1728-1779), one of the greatest explorers and navigators. He made
three round-the-world voyages over a period of 12 years, during which he
destroyed the myth of the southern continent. He claimed Australia and New
Zealand for the British Crown, charted the islands of the Pacific. Used the
Endeavour on his first voyage (1768-1771) on which he was accompanied by
the naturalists Banks and Solander. He was murdered on Hawaii. Later explorations often involved scientists (e.g., Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle
(1831-1836) with Captain R. Fitzroy, -?evolution). The Challenger Deep-Sea
Expedition (1872-1876) marked the beginning of oceanographic expeditions.
oceanic basement oceanic crust below sedimentary deposits, extending downward to the Mohorovicic discontinuity. The top of the basement usually forms a
clear reflecting horizon in seismic reflection shooting. -?Iayer 1, layer 2, etc.
oceanic crust -?crust.
oceanographic station geographic position at sea where a research vessel is
stopped to allow measurements and sampling.
oceanography literal meaning: description of the oceans. Used for the scientific
studies of ocean, its boundaries and bottom topography, its physics and
chemistry and of its marine organisms, including the interrelations and
interactions. Sometimes the word "oceanology" is used instead, but this may
also be used to incorporate marine technology. Traditionally, the Challenger
Deep-Sea Expedition (1872-1876) is taken as the starting point of modern
oceanography.
Octocorallia subclass of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Colonial animals
with cylindrical polyps, which have eight feather-like tentacles. The skeleton
is internal, consisting of spiculae in the mesogloea. The subclass is divided into
several orders of which the main ones are: Stolonifera (organ pipe corals),
Alcyonacea (soft corals with example Alcyonium or dead man's finger),
Helioporacea (blue coral), Gorgonacea (horny corals, sea fans, sea whips), and
Pennatulacea (sea pens).
Octopoda (octopods) order of the class Cephalopoda (phylum Mollusca). Octopods
are cephalopods with eight suckered arms and a globular muscular body
without an internal shell. The two eyes are highly developed, and the mouth