anemometer
12
ogy and geology. A requirement is that the analytical instrumentation is
adapted to sea-going conditions on board ship.
anemometer instrument for measuring the wind velocity. It may be based upon
different principles. The speed sensor is usually mechanical (e.g., the cupanemometer with a vertical axis), but inertia of mechanical sensors makes
them less useful for measuring the short-time fluctuations of the wind. For
this purpose other devices (hot-wire, acoustic, or pressure-difference sensors) are in use. The direction of the wind is determined by a wind-vane, or,
in the case of the latter type sensors, sometimes by measuring the different
components of the wind (N -S, E-W, and up-down) separately.
animal excretion the removal from the body cells and the bloodstream of metabolic wastes. This definition implies that the substances must have taken
part in cellular metabolism, like carbon dioxide (the end product of oxidative
metabolism) and ammonia (the end product of nitrogen metabolism). The
substances should also have no further use: the release of substances from
cells which are utilized either locally or elsewhere in some body process is
called secretion. Both excretion and secretion involve an expenditure of
energy in contrast to defecation, which refers to the elimination of wastes
that have not taken part in a cellular metabolic process.
Animalia (animals) one of the five kingdoms of living organisms. This kingdom
includes all multicellular animals (Metazoa). Formerly also the group of unicellular organisms, the Protozoa, were included, but these now form several
phyla within the kingdom of Protoctista. The Animalia are divided into about
34 phyla, and e.g., the Chordata, which include the Vertebrata, form only one of
these groups.
Annelida phylum of segmented worms, including earthworms and many freshwater and marine species. The nervous system, the excretory organs, the vessels, and the coelom follow the segmentation, but the gut is a straight canal
from the mouth to the posterior anus. The phylum Annelida comprises the
classes Polychaeta (many chetae on the segments), Oligochaeta (few chetae) and
Hirudinea (leeches).
anodic stripping voltametry electrochemical technique relying on the principle of
polarography for direct determination of very low concentrations of trace
metals as Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu (~trace elements) in seawater. By chemical manipulation (pH adjustments, UV irradiation) of the seawater solution one may
also obtain insight into the fractionation of a given metal between free ionic
state and organically complexed state. Here the difference between measurement of the untreated sample (free metal ion) and the treated sample
(total metal content) provides a value for the amount of complexed metal.
12
ogy and geology. A requirement is that the analytical instrumentation is
adapted to sea-going conditions on board ship.
anemometer instrument for measuring the wind velocity. It may be based upon
different principles. The speed sensor is usually mechanical (e.g., the cupanemometer with a vertical axis), but inertia of mechanical sensors makes
them less useful for measuring the short-time fluctuations of the wind. For
this purpose other devices (hot-wire, acoustic, or pressure-difference sensors) are in use. The direction of the wind is determined by a wind-vane, or,
in the case of the latter type sensors, sometimes by measuring the different
components of the wind (N -S, E-W, and up-down) separately.
animal excretion the removal from the body cells and the bloodstream of metabolic wastes. This definition implies that the substances must have taken
part in cellular metabolism, like carbon dioxide (the end product of oxidative
metabolism) and ammonia (the end product of nitrogen metabolism). The
substances should also have no further use: the release of substances from
cells which are utilized either locally or elsewhere in some body process is
called secretion. Both excretion and secretion involve an expenditure of
energy in contrast to defecation, which refers to the elimination of wastes
that have not taken part in a cellular metabolic process.
Animalia (animals) one of the five kingdoms of living organisms. This kingdom
includes all multicellular animals (Metazoa). Formerly also the group of unicellular organisms, the Protozoa, were included, but these now form several
phyla within the kingdom of Protoctista. The Animalia are divided into about
34 phyla, and e.g., the Chordata, which include the Vertebrata, form only one of
these groups.
Annelida phylum of segmented worms, including earthworms and many freshwater and marine species. The nervous system, the excretory organs, the vessels, and the coelom follow the segmentation, but the gut is a straight canal
from the mouth to the posterior anus. The phylum Annelida comprises the
classes Polychaeta (many chetae on the segments), Oligochaeta (few chetae) and
Hirudinea (leeches).
anodic stripping voltametry electrochemical technique relying on the principle of
polarography for direct determination of very low concentrations of trace
metals as Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu (~trace elements) in seawater. By chemical manipulation (pH adjustments, UV irradiation) of the seawater solution one may
also obtain insight into the fractionation of a given metal between free ionic
state and organically complexed state. Here the difference between measurement of the untreated sample (free metal ion) and the treated sample
(total metal content) provides a value for the amount of complexed metal.