Index
441
Transport (cont.)
subsurface, 341, 368
surface, 8, 16, 45, 132, 159, 289, 290, 298,
309, 353, 370, 418
vertical, 146, 245, 379
wave-driven, 15, 16, 285, 303, 320, 361,
368, 405, 408, 409
wind-driven, 16, 45, 285, 303, 320, 368,
370
zonal, 229, 231
Transport equation, 71, 72, 76, 79–82
Transport of heat, 143
Transport of nutrients, 186
Transport of pollution, 203, 232
Transport of salt, 143, 163
Transport pathway, 283, 289, 312, 313
Transport pattern, 18, 150, 183, 247, 283, 289,
293, 300, 307, 311, 313, 348
Trapped motion, 290
Travel distance, 390, 400, 401, 410
Travel time, 390, 396, 397, 399, 400, 408, 410
Truncation error, 85, 227
Turbulence, 36, 84, 91, 92, 95, 103, 110, 116,
121, 125, 141, 195, 196, 201, 202,
244, 252, 256, 268–270, 295, 300,
332, 375, 377, 380, 420
fully developed, 269
horizontal, 196, 197
small-scale, 272
subgrid, 256, 267, 268, 276, 297, 306, 307,
332, 333, 359
three-dimensional, 273, 274
two-dimensional, 269
vertical, 60, 197, 217
Turbulence closure, 110, 111, 197, 295, 329,
379
Turbulence parameter, 112
Turbulence parameterization, 60, 94, 95, 217,
240, 244, 252, 256, 261, 265, 268,
276
Turbulence scheme, 155, 256, 267, 276
Turbulent flux, 39, 201
Turbulent friction, 47, 107, 111
Tvärminne, 208
Two-layer exchange, 140, 142, 148, 152
Two-layer model, 119
Tytärsaari, see Tjuters
U
Ukraine, 253
Uncertainty, 3, 60, 296, 303, 307, 324, 351,
353–356, 358
Underwater mining, 3, 284
Unique solution for trajectories, 226, 230
United Nations, UN, viii
United States, 10, 12
Univariate optimum interpolation, 114
Upwelling, 45, 49, 50, 60, 149, 188, 193, 195,
196, 209, 216, 331, 353
Ust-Luga, 350, 392–394, 398, 400, 401
Utö, 36, 190, 192, 207
V
Van Dantzig, David, 4
Varberg, 114
Variability, 188, 205, 208, 252, 259, 261, 262,
264, 267
interannual, 138, 160, 188, 312, 353
seasonal, 16, 36, 37, 99, 138, 146, 152,
159, 166, 188–191, 302–304, 310,
313, 335, 337, 338, 353, 385, 386,
409
spatial, 10, 16, 102, 273, 312
temporal, 102, 114, 137, 138, 165, 181,
197, 204, 209, 215, 234, 261, 306
Velocity, 47, 48, 67, 86, 87, 97, 160, 162, 163,
197, 200, 208, 214, 229, 231, 234,
235, 238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247,
255–259, 261, 267, 269, 276, 297,
298, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309
compressibility of, 270
horizontal, 42, 202, 203, 256, 261, 262,
268, 283, 289, 296, 402
meridional, 161, 163, 228, 262, 264
potential component of, 270
power spectrum of, 244, 261, 262
solenoidal component of, 270
surface, 48, 49, 158, 293, 294
turbulent, 263
vertical, 41, 42, 106, 195, 202, 203, 228,
233, 261, 296
zonal, 228, 229, 262, 264
Velocity autocovariance, 258
Velocity gradient, 91
vertical, 92
Ventilation, 143, 144, 153, 157, 166, 168
Vessel, 5–7, 13, 198, 285, 286, 288, 322, 368,
369, 371, 372, 389, 395–397, 400,
418
Vessel traffic systems, 4
Vessel wake waves, 1, 12, 15
Viscosity
numerical, 227
Viscosity of oil, 372, 376, 377, 401
Viscous dissipation, 91
Viscous-advective-diffusive limit, 150
Volcanic ash, 321, 377
441
Transport (cont.)
subsurface, 341, 368
surface, 8, 16, 45, 132, 159, 289, 290, 298,
309, 353, 370, 418
vertical, 146, 245, 379
wave-driven, 15, 16, 285, 303, 320, 361,
368, 405, 408, 409
wind-driven, 16, 45, 285, 303, 320, 368,
370
zonal, 229, 231
Transport equation, 71, 72, 76, 79–82
Transport of heat, 143
Transport of nutrients, 186
Transport of pollution, 203, 232
Transport of salt, 143, 163
Transport pathway, 283, 289, 312, 313
Transport pattern, 18, 150, 183, 247, 283, 289,
293, 300, 307, 311, 313, 348
Trapped motion, 290
Travel distance, 390, 400, 401, 410
Travel time, 390, 396, 397, 399, 400, 408, 410
Truncation error, 85, 227
Turbulence, 36, 84, 91, 92, 95, 103, 110, 116,
121, 125, 141, 195, 196, 201, 202,
244, 252, 256, 268–270, 295, 300,
332, 375, 377, 380, 420
fully developed, 269
horizontal, 196, 197
small-scale, 272
subgrid, 256, 267, 268, 276, 297, 306, 307,
332, 333, 359
three-dimensional, 273, 274
two-dimensional, 269
vertical, 60, 197, 217
Turbulence closure, 110, 111, 197, 295, 329,
379
Turbulence parameter, 112
Turbulence parameterization, 60, 94, 95, 217,
240, 244, 252, 256, 261, 265, 268,
276
Turbulence scheme, 155, 256, 267, 276
Turbulent flux, 39, 201
Turbulent friction, 47, 107, 111
Tvärminne, 208
Two-layer exchange, 140, 142, 148, 152
Two-layer model, 119
Tytärsaari, see Tjuters
U
Ukraine, 253
Uncertainty, 3, 60, 296, 303, 307, 324, 351,
353–356, 358
Underwater mining, 3, 284
Unique solution for trajectories, 226, 230
United Nations, UN, viii
United States, 10, 12
Univariate optimum interpolation, 114
Upwelling, 45, 49, 50, 60, 149, 188, 193, 195,
196, 209, 216, 331, 353
Ust-Luga, 350, 392–394, 398, 400, 401
Utö, 36, 190, 192, 207
V
Van Dantzig, David, 4
Varberg, 114
Variability, 188, 205, 208, 252, 259, 261, 262,
264, 267
interannual, 138, 160, 188, 312, 353
seasonal, 16, 36, 37, 99, 138, 146, 152,
159, 166, 188–191, 302–304, 310,
313, 335, 337, 338, 353, 385, 386,
409
spatial, 10, 16, 102, 273, 312
temporal, 102, 114, 137, 138, 165, 181,
197, 204, 209, 215, 234, 261, 306
Velocity, 47, 48, 67, 86, 87, 97, 160, 162, 163,
197, 200, 208, 214, 229, 231, 234,
235, 238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 247,
255–259, 261, 267, 269, 276, 297,
298, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309
compressibility of, 270
horizontal, 42, 202, 203, 256, 261, 262,
268, 283, 289, 296, 402
meridional, 161, 163, 228, 262, 264
potential component of, 270
power spectrum of, 244, 261, 262
solenoidal component of, 270
surface, 48, 49, 158, 293, 294
turbulent, 263
vertical, 41, 42, 106, 195, 202, 203, 228,
233, 261, 296
zonal, 228, 229, 262, 264
Velocity autocovariance, 258
Velocity gradient, 91
vertical, 92
Ventilation, 143, 144, 153, 157, 166, 168
Vessel, 5–7, 13, 198, 285, 286, 288, 322, 368,
369, 371, 372, 389, 395–397, 400,
418
Vessel traffic systems, 4
Vessel wake waves, 1, 12, 15
Viscosity
numerical, 227
Viscosity of oil, 372, 376, 377, 401
Viscous dissipation, 91
Viscous-advective-diffusive limit, 150
Volcanic ash, 321, 377