442
Index
Volcano eruption, 321
Volume transport, 230, 232, 233, 245
Voyage speed, 10, 397
Vulnerable area, vii, 1–3, 6, 8, 13–15, 18, 19,
21, 24, 285, 299, 302–304, 307,
313, 319–322, 324–326, 346, 352,
368, 370, 417–419
Vulnerable environment, 283
Vyborg, 199, 200, 341, 349, 350, 359, 360,
392–394, 398–401
W
Waste Heat Recovery system, 396
Wastewater management, 66
Water age, 102, 117–120, 144, 215, 324, 331,
336, 338
vertical gradient of, 118
Water budget, 38, 60, 131, 146, 187–189, 214
net, 131
Water cascading, 152, 171
Water exchange, 43, 57, 100, 113, 114,
132–134, 139–142, 144, 150, 164,
181, 184, 188, 207, 213–215, 287,
295, 305, 328, 329, 331, 340, 354
inter-ocean, 247
Water flux, 36, 133, 135, 138, 152
Water mass, 2, 16, 18, 32, 35–37, 45, 56, 83,
85, 89, 92, 97, 99, 102, 117, 118,
135, 139, 144, 149, 152–154, 158,
159, 161, 163, 164, 168, 182, 185,
187–189, 192, 195, 196, 201, 206,
209, 210, 213, 216, 225–227, 244,
247, 252, 274, 278, 285, 287–289,
293, 295, 296, 306, 310, 320, 328,
329, 331, 338, 339, 359
Water mass formation, 131, 156–158, 160,
163, 166, 168
Water renewal, 215
Water surplus, 115
Wave action, 183, 186, 376
Wave breaking, 67, 92, 103, 110, 155
Wave energy gradient, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409
Wave kinetic energy, 197
Wave speed, 44, 85, 86, 141, 204
Wave stress, 403–405
Wave(s)
acoustic, 85, 89
baroclinic, 116
coastally trapped, 209
freak, 396
internal, 44, 84–86, 90, 92, 110, 116, 141,
155, 183, 197, 204, 213
Kelvin, 45, 216
Rossby, 44
shallow-water, 45, 85
surface, 44, 66, 84–86, 92, 103, 110, 124,
125, 183, 184, 186, 295
tidal, 66, 85
Weathering, 286, 324, 368, 370, 372, 376, 377,
382, 386, 409, 419
Wedge (of saline water), 35, 183, 188, 213,
215, 328
Western Mediterranean Deep Water, 161
Whale, 10, 11, 13, 17, 321, 325
Wiener process, 242
Wind drag, 296, 302, 320, 332, 379, 396
Wind drift, 375, 382, 386
Wind forcing, 16, 38, 45, 57, 60, 144, 188,
192, 197, 201, 205, 213, 216, 252,
275, 277, 292, 385
Wind gustiness, 115, 256, 275, 295, 330
Wind impact, 49, 83, 227, 273, 275, 277, 386
Wind set-up, 135
Wind speed, 35, 49, 53, 98, 103, 104, 115, 144,
198–201, 206, 212, 213, 275, 303,
386, 403, 405
Wind speed extremes, 115, 295
Wind stress, 32, 42, 45, 48, 92, 93, 98, 108,
112, 146, 159, 164, 165, 203, 204,
206, 210, 216, 330, 353, 379, 403
Wind velocity, 212, 234, 375, 379, 380
World Ocean, 2, 3, 17, 32, 60, 136, 182, 188,
230, 252, 259, 276, 296
World Ocean Circulation Experiment, WOCE,
253, 254
Wormley, 226
Y
Year of the Gulf of Finland 1996, 182
Year of the Gulf of Finland 2014, 182
Z
z-coordinates, 95–98, 154, 295, 329, 330, 379
Zero-crossing, 345, 347, 349, 354, 419
Zooplankton, 124
Index
Volcano eruption, 321
Volume transport, 230, 232, 233, 245
Voyage speed, 10, 397
Vulnerable area, vii, 1–3, 6, 8, 13–15, 18, 19,
21, 24, 285, 299, 302–304, 307,
313, 319–322, 324–326, 346, 352,
368, 370, 417–419
Vulnerable environment, 283
Vyborg, 199, 200, 341, 349, 350, 359, 360,
392–394, 398–401
W
Waste Heat Recovery system, 396
Wastewater management, 66
Water age, 102, 117–120, 144, 215, 324, 331,
336, 338
vertical gradient of, 118
Water budget, 38, 60, 131, 146, 187–189, 214
net, 131
Water cascading, 152, 171
Water exchange, 43, 57, 100, 113, 114,
132–134, 139–142, 144, 150, 164,
181, 184, 188, 207, 213–215, 287,
295, 305, 328, 329, 331, 340, 354
inter-ocean, 247
Water flux, 36, 133, 135, 138, 152
Water mass, 2, 16, 18, 32, 35–37, 45, 56, 83,
85, 89, 92, 97, 99, 102, 117, 118,
135, 139, 144, 149, 152–154, 158,
159, 161, 163, 164, 168, 182, 185,
187–189, 192, 195, 196, 201, 206,
209, 210, 213, 216, 225–227, 244,
247, 252, 274, 278, 285, 287–289,
293, 295, 296, 306, 310, 320, 328,
329, 331, 338, 339, 359
Water mass formation, 131, 156–158, 160,
163, 166, 168
Water renewal, 215
Water surplus, 115
Wave action, 183, 186, 376
Wave breaking, 67, 92, 103, 110, 155
Wave energy gradient, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409
Wave kinetic energy, 197
Wave speed, 44, 85, 86, 141, 204
Wave stress, 403–405
Wave(s)
acoustic, 85, 89
baroclinic, 116
coastally trapped, 209
freak, 396
internal, 44, 84–86, 90, 92, 110, 116, 141,
155, 183, 197, 204, 213
Kelvin, 45, 216
Rossby, 44
shallow-water, 45, 85
surface, 44, 66, 84–86, 92, 103, 110, 124,
125, 183, 184, 186, 295
tidal, 66, 85
Weathering, 286, 324, 368, 370, 372, 376, 377,
382, 386, 409, 419
Wedge (of saline water), 35, 183, 188, 213,
215, 328
Western Mediterranean Deep Water, 161
Whale, 10, 11, 13, 17, 321, 325
Wiener process, 242
Wind drag, 296, 302, 320, 332, 379, 396
Wind drift, 375, 382, 386
Wind forcing, 16, 38, 45, 57, 60, 144, 188,
192, 197, 201, 205, 213, 216, 252,
275, 277, 292, 385
Wind gustiness, 115, 256, 275, 295, 330
Wind impact, 49, 83, 227, 273, 275, 277, 386
Wind set-up, 135
Wind speed, 35, 49, 53, 98, 103, 104, 115, 144,
198–201, 206, 212, 213, 275, 303,
386, 403, 405
Wind speed extremes, 115, 295
Wind stress, 32, 42, 45, 48, 92, 93, 98, 108,
112, 146, 159, 164, 165, 203, 204,
206, 210, 216, 330, 353, 379, 403
Wind velocity, 212, 234, 375, 379, 380
World Ocean, 2, 3, 17, 32, 60, 136, 182, 188,
230, 252, 259, 276, 296
World Ocean Circulation Experiment, WOCE,
253, 254
Wormley, 226
Y
Year of the Gulf of Finland 1996, 182
Year of the Gulf of Finland 2014, 182
Z
z-coordinates, 95–98, 154, 295, 329, 330, 379
Zero-crossing, 345, 347, 349, 354, 419
Zooplankton, 124
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