Index
439
Statistical analysis, 1, 20, 21, 23, 139, 171,
278, 283, 286, 300, 319, 322, 323,
335, 360, 395
Statistical approach, 4, 16, 17, 383
Statistical characteristics, 264, 276
Statistical feature, 205, 217, 260, 300, 301, 332
Statistical measure, 121, 123, 253, 384, 385
Stefan Boltzmann’s constant, 109
Stefan Boltzmann’s law, 109
Stencil, 77, 78, 80–82
Steric effect, 136
Stochastic dynamic programming, 10
Stockholm, 34, 254, 278
Stokes drift, 275, 296, 401, 403, 405
Stokes law, 380
Stolpe Channel, 55, 144, 156, 157
Storm, 4, 9, 10, 53, 195, 198, 284, 303, 396,
402
Storm surge, 68, 380
Strait, vii, 51, 53, 111, 131–135, 137, 138,
140–146, 148–153, 156, 157,
161–163, 168, 171, 291
Strait control, 138
Strait exchange, 131, 133, 146, 147, 150, 152
Straits’ dynamics, 140, 141, 171
Stratification, 8, 35–38, 41, 44, 55, 56, 59, 60,
84, 92, 115, 117, 136, 142, 151, 153,
155, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 183,
187–189, 195, 197, 200, 204, 210,
213, 216, 270, 286, 291, 328, 385
four-layer, 39
three-layer, 36
two-layer, 32, 35, 37, 51, 158, 189, 191
Stream function, 245, 246
Lagrangian, 225, 244–247
barotropic, 246
overturning, 246
Structural analysis, 70
Structural reliability analysis, 17
Subgrid mixing, 94
Subgrid processes, 93, 95, 116, 121, 252, 256,
268, 300, 301, 334, 375, 380
parameterization of, 93–95, 105, 116,
225–227, 240, 241, 243, 244, 247,
252, 276–278, 329
Subgrid scale, 227, 243, 261, 276
Subgrid turbulence, 240, 241, 243, 252, 255,
267–269, 374
parameterization of, 240–242, 267, 268
Submarine passage, 156
Super-inertial frequency, 197
Surface dynamics, 292, 304, 306
Surface pressure, 233
Surface roughness, 60, 197, 198
Surface tension, 376
Surface Velocity Program, SVP, 251–253, 263
Surface water, 8, 35, 37–39, 45, 55, 56, 83, 88,
93, 109, 143, 144, 152, 159, 163,
166, 188, 192, 195, 196, 213, 299,
305–307, 311
Suspended matter, 293
Sustainable development, viii
Suursaari, see Gogland
Sweden, 32, 275, 329
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological
Institute, SMHI, 58, 114, 329, 381
Synoptic eddy, 44, 210, 214, 289, 299, 302,
308, 329, 333
Synoptic scale, 42, 206, 285, 289
Szczecin, 57
T
Tallinn, 185, 206, 288, 328, 339, 340, 349,
356, 357, 359
Tanker, vii, 125, 325, 326, 345, 348, 397
double-hull, 4
Tanker traffic, 4, 22, 368
Tar, 372
Tarifa Narrows, 148
Taylor series, 73–75
Temperature, 32, 36–41, 56, 83, 84, 91, 92, 99,
106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118,
138, 149, 151, 153, 154, 160, 164,
181, 188, 191–193, 195, 201, 202,
204, 209, 226, 233, 240, 246, 255,
256, 259, 275, 276, 330, 331, 340,
358, 375, 377, 379, 382
Temperature gradient, 32, 37, 39, 188, 202
horizontal, 188, 193, 195
Temperature of maximum density, 37, 39, 41,
192
TEOS-10, 36, 190
Terrain-following coordinates, 96, 97, 154,
232, 234
Thermal expansion coefficient, 165
Thermal wind law, 51
Thermocline, 32, 36, 38, 39, 47, 51, 192, 193,
208, 209, 276
inverse, 37, 39, 192
seasonal, 37, 38, 164, 165, 192
summer, 38, 192
winter, 39, 41
Thermodiffusivity, 93
Thermohaline cell, 148
Thermohaline circulation, 57
Thermohaline gradient, 32
Tidal current, 146, 148, 150, 208, 216
439
Statistical analysis, 1, 20, 21, 23, 139, 171,
278, 283, 286, 300, 319, 322, 323,
335, 360, 395
Statistical approach, 4, 16, 17, 383
Statistical characteristics, 264, 276
Statistical feature, 205, 217, 260, 300, 301, 332
Statistical measure, 121, 123, 253, 384, 385
Stefan Boltzmann’s constant, 109
Stefan Boltzmann’s law, 109
Stencil, 77, 78, 80–82
Steric effect, 136
Stochastic dynamic programming, 10
Stockholm, 34, 254, 278
Stokes drift, 275, 296, 401, 403, 405
Stokes law, 380
Stolpe Channel, 55, 144, 156, 157
Storm, 4, 9, 10, 53, 195, 198, 284, 303, 396,
402
Storm surge, 68, 380
Strait, vii, 51, 53, 111, 131–135, 137, 138,
140–146, 148–153, 156, 157,
161–163, 168, 171, 291
Strait control, 138
Strait exchange, 131, 133, 146, 147, 150, 152
Straits’ dynamics, 140, 141, 171
Stratification, 8, 35–38, 41, 44, 55, 56, 59, 60,
84, 92, 115, 117, 136, 142, 151, 153,
155, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 183,
187–189, 195, 197, 200, 204, 210,
213, 216, 270, 286, 291, 328, 385
four-layer, 39
three-layer, 36
two-layer, 32, 35, 37, 51, 158, 189, 191
Stream function, 245, 246
Lagrangian, 225, 244–247
barotropic, 246
overturning, 246
Structural analysis, 70
Structural reliability analysis, 17
Subgrid mixing, 94
Subgrid processes, 93, 95, 116, 121, 252, 256,
268, 300, 301, 334, 375, 380
parameterization of, 93–95, 105, 116,
225–227, 240, 241, 243, 244, 247,
252, 276–278, 329
Subgrid scale, 227, 243, 261, 276
Subgrid turbulence, 240, 241, 243, 252, 255,
267–269, 374
parameterization of, 240–242, 267, 268
Submarine passage, 156
Super-inertial frequency, 197
Surface dynamics, 292, 304, 306
Surface pressure, 233
Surface roughness, 60, 197, 198
Surface tension, 376
Surface Velocity Program, SVP, 251–253, 263
Surface water, 8, 35, 37–39, 45, 55, 56, 83, 88,
93, 109, 143, 144, 152, 159, 163,
166, 188, 192, 195, 196, 213, 299,
305–307, 311
Suspended matter, 293
Sustainable development, viii
Suursaari, see Gogland
Sweden, 32, 275, 329
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological
Institute, SMHI, 58, 114, 329, 381
Synoptic eddy, 44, 210, 214, 289, 299, 302,
308, 329, 333
Synoptic scale, 42, 206, 285, 289
Szczecin, 57
T
Tallinn, 185, 206, 288, 328, 339, 340, 349,
356, 357, 359
Tanker, vii, 125, 325, 326, 345, 348, 397
double-hull, 4
Tanker traffic, 4, 22, 368
Tar, 372
Tarifa Narrows, 148
Taylor series, 73–75
Temperature, 32, 36–41, 56, 83, 84, 91, 92, 99,
106, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118,
138, 149, 151, 153, 154, 160, 164,
181, 188, 191–193, 195, 201, 202,
204, 209, 226, 233, 240, 246, 255,
256, 259, 275, 276, 330, 331, 340,
358, 375, 377, 379, 382
Temperature gradient, 32, 37, 39, 188, 202
horizontal, 188, 193, 195
Temperature of maximum density, 37, 39, 41,
192
TEOS-10, 36, 190
Terrain-following coordinates, 96, 97, 154,
232, 234
Thermal expansion coefficient, 165
Thermal wind law, 51
Thermocline, 32, 36, 38, 39, 47, 51, 192, 193,
208, 209, 276
inverse, 37, 39, 192
seasonal, 37, 38, 164, 165, 192
summer, 38, 192
winter, 39, 41
Thermodiffusivity, 93
Thermohaline cell, 148
Thermohaline circulation, 57
Thermohaline gradient, 32
Tidal current, 146, 148, 150, 208, 216