430
Index
Grid step, 44, 228, 278, 288, 328, 329, 333,
361
Grid wall, 229, 231, 234
Grid-based method, 67, 68
Grid-free method, 67
Grounding, 4, 5, 9, 13, 369
Group speed, 403, 404
Gulf of Cádiz, see Cádiz, Gulf of
Gulf of Finland, 20, 22, 23, 33–35, 37, 43, 44,
53, 55, 61, 117, 139, 158, 181–201,
203–217, 246, 251–254, 261, 268,
270, 271, 277, 278, 283–288, 291,
292, 294–313, 319, 325–333,
335–345, 347–349, 351–360, 362,
368, 370, 371, 379–389, 392,
397–402, 404–407, 409, 411, 418
geometry, 198, 288
volume, 185
Gulf of Lions, 159–161
Gulf of Mexico, 12
Gulf of Riga, 34, 35, 37, 53, 55, 183, 199, 284
Gulf Stream, 17, 53, 89, 205
Gyre, 84, 88, 89, 135, 136, 158, 159, 288, 290,
305
anticyclonic, 50, 160, 184, 205, 306, 310,
349, 355
cyclonic, 102, 160
subtropical, 88
H
Hadley cell, 234
Haline conveyor belt, 55, 56, 157
Halocline, 32, 35–39, 41, 48, 55–57, 59, 102,
116, 119, 152, 153, 188–192, 213,
214, 216
permanent, 189
secondary, 36, 38
Halskov Rev, 52
Hamburg, 378
Hanko, 185, 212
Hanko peninsula, 208
Harbour, 24, 102, 103, 287
Harmonic diffusivity coefficient, 110
Harmonic viscosity coefficient, 110
HBM, see HIROMB–BOOS Model, HBM
Headland, 289
Heat budget, 201
Heat flux, 39, 57, 60, 91, 92, 99, 108, 109, 112,
166, 192, 197, 201, 202, 331
latent, 109, 112, 114, 201
net, 166, 201
sensible, 112, 114, 201
surface, 39, 108, 137, 161, 165
vertical, 330
HELCOM, see Baltic Marine Environment
Protection Commission
Helsinki, 206–208, 288, 291, 328, 339, 340,
349, 356, 357, 359
Hemisphere
northern, 47, 49–51, 88, 205, 289
southern, 88
Hibler-type sea ice model, 295, 379
High Resolution Limited Area Model,
HIRLAM, 59, 161
High Resolution Oceanographic Model of the
Baltic Sea, HIROMB-BOOS, 139,
155, 253, 278, 300, 331, 378
High-speed vessel, 5, 12
Hiiumaa, 186
Himmerfjärden Estuary, 117
Hindcast, 57, 59, 60, 256
HIRLAM, see High Resolution Limited Area
Model
HIROMB, see High Resolution Oceanographic
Model of the Baltic Sea,
HIROMB-BOOS
HIROMB–BOOS Model, HBM, 378, 381, 383
Humidity, 161, 240
relative, 114, 330
specific, 108, 114, 233, 246, 295, 330
Hybrid approach, 121, 125
Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM,
97, 154
Hybrid coordinates, 97, 154, 232, 233
Hybrid method, 95, 125
Hydraulic assumption, 140, 144, 147
Hydraulic control, 147, 149, 150, 152
Hydraulic jump, 141, 149
Hydraulic resistance, 201
Hydrocarbons, 372, 373, 377
Hydrography, 32, 59, 113, 158, 181–183, 216
Hydrological model, forcing, 116
Hydrostatic approximation, 42, 90, 106, 202,
330
Hydrostatic balance, 50, 90, 96, 140, 379
Hydrostatic model, 155
Hydrostatic pressure, 35, 213
Hypersaline, 109
Hypoxia, 143
I
Ice conditions, 197, 199–201
Ice cover, 8, 12, 39, 41, 49, 50, 57, 83, 111,
181–183, 193, 199–202, 206, 259,
261, 284, 286, 292, 297, 306, 329,
330, 377, 379
Ice formation, 200
Ice melting, 16, 37, 190, 192, 200, 201, 330
Index
Grid step, 44, 228, 278, 288, 328, 329, 333,
361
Grid wall, 229, 231, 234
Grid-based method, 67, 68
Grid-free method, 67
Grounding, 4, 5, 9, 13, 369
Group speed, 403, 404
Gulf of Cádiz, see Cádiz, Gulf of
Gulf of Finland, 20, 22, 23, 33–35, 37, 43, 44,
53, 55, 61, 117, 139, 158, 181–201,
203–217, 246, 251–254, 261, 268,
270, 271, 277, 278, 283–288, 291,
292, 294–313, 319, 325–333,
335–345, 347–349, 351–360, 362,
368, 370, 371, 379–389, 392,
397–402, 404–407, 409, 411, 418
geometry, 198, 288
volume, 185
Gulf of Lions, 159–161
Gulf of Mexico, 12
Gulf of Riga, 34, 35, 37, 53, 55, 183, 199, 284
Gulf Stream, 17, 53, 89, 205
Gyre, 84, 88, 89, 135, 136, 158, 159, 288, 290,
305
anticyclonic, 50, 160, 184, 205, 306, 310,
349, 355
cyclonic, 102, 160
subtropical, 88
H
Hadley cell, 234
Haline conveyor belt, 55, 56, 157
Halocline, 32, 35–39, 41, 48, 55–57, 59, 102,
116, 119, 152, 153, 188–192, 213,
214, 216
permanent, 189
secondary, 36, 38
Halskov Rev, 52
Hamburg, 378
Hanko, 185, 212
Hanko peninsula, 208
Harbour, 24, 102, 103, 287
Harmonic diffusivity coefficient, 110
Harmonic viscosity coefficient, 110
HBM, see HIROMB–BOOS Model, HBM
Headland, 289
Heat budget, 201
Heat flux, 39, 57, 60, 91, 92, 99, 108, 109, 112,
166, 192, 197, 201, 202, 331
latent, 109, 112, 114, 201
net, 166, 201
sensible, 112, 114, 201
surface, 39, 108, 137, 161, 165
vertical, 330
HELCOM, see Baltic Marine Environment
Protection Commission
Helsinki, 206–208, 288, 291, 328, 339, 340,
349, 356, 357, 359
Hemisphere
northern, 47, 49–51, 88, 205, 289
southern, 88
Hibler-type sea ice model, 295, 379
High Resolution Limited Area Model,
HIRLAM, 59, 161
High Resolution Oceanographic Model of the
Baltic Sea, HIROMB-BOOS, 139,
155, 253, 278, 300, 331, 378
High-speed vessel, 5, 12
Hiiumaa, 186
Himmerfjärden Estuary, 117
Hindcast, 57, 59, 60, 256
HIRLAM, see High Resolution Limited Area
Model
HIROMB, see High Resolution Oceanographic
Model of the Baltic Sea,
HIROMB-BOOS
HIROMB–BOOS Model, HBM, 378, 381, 383
Humidity, 161, 240
relative, 114, 330
specific, 108, 114, 233, 246, 295, 330
Hybrid approach, 121, 125
Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM,
97, 154
Hybrid coordinates, 97, 154, 232, 233
Hybrid method, 95, 125
Hydraulic assumption, 140, 144, 147
Hydraulic control, 147, 149, 150, 152
Hydraulic jump, 141, 149
Hydraulic resistance, 201
Hydrocarbons, 372, 373, 377
Hydrography, 32, 59, 113, 158, 181–183, 216
Hydrological model, forcing, 116
Hydrostatic approximation, 42, 90, 106, 202,
330
Hydrostatic balance, 50, 90, 96, 140, 379
Hydrostatic model, 155
Hydrostatic pressure, 35, 213
Hypersaline, 109
Hypoxia, 143
I
Ice conditions, 197, 199–201
Ice cover, 8, 12, 39, 41, 49, 50, 57, 83, 111,
181–183, 193, 199–202, 206, 259,
261, 284, 286, 292, 297, 306, 329,
330, 377, 379
Ice formation, 200
Ice melting, 16, 37, 190, 192, 200, 201, 330