5 European Semi-enclosed Seas
175
Lascaratos A, Nittis K (1998) A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate
water formation in the Levantine Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 103:18,497–18,511
Lascaratos A, Roether W, Nittis K, Klein B (1999) Recent changes in deep water formation and
spreading in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review. Prog Oceanogr 44:5–36
Lass HU, Mohrholz V (2003) On the dynamics and mixing of inflowing salt-water in the Arkona
Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 108:3042
Lass HU, Prandke H, Liljebladh B (2003) Dissipation in the Baltic proper during winter stratification. J Geophys Res—Oceans 108:3187
Latif MA, Özsoy E, Oguz T, Unluata U (1991) Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the
Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38(Suppl 2):711–723
Lehmann A (1994) The major Baltic inflow in 1993—a numerical model simulation. In: ICES
annual science conference, St John’s, ICES, CM1994/Q, p 9
Lehmann A (1995) A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea. Tellus A 47:1013–1031
Lehmann A, Krauss W, Hinrichsen H-H (2002) Effects of remote and local atmospheric forcing
on circulation and upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Tellus A 54:299–316
Lehmann A, Lorenz P, Jacob D (2004) Modelling the exceptional Baltic Sea inflow events in
2002–2003. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21308
Leppäranta M, Myrberg K (2009) Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer Praxis, Berlin,
378 pp
Lewis BL, Landing WN (1991) The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron in the Black Sea.
Deep-Sea Res 38:S773–S805
Liljebladh B, Stigebrandt A (1996) Observations of the deepwater flow into the Baltic Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 101:8895–8911
Lilover MJ, Stips AK (2011) An alternative parameterization of eddy diffusivity in the Gulf of
Finland based on the kinetic energy of high frequency internal wave band. Boreal Environ Res
16(Suppl A):103–116
Liu Y, Zhu J, She J, Zhuang S, Fu W, Gao J (2009) Assimilating temperature and salinity profile
observations using an anisotropic recursive filter in a coastal ocean model. Ocean Model 30:75–
87
Lozovatsky ID, Fernando HJS (2001) Mixing on a shallow shelf of the Black Sea. J Phys Oceanogr
32:945–956
Lu X, Soomere T, Stanev EV, Murawski J (2012) Identification of the environmentally safe fairway
in the South-Western Baltic Sea and Kattegat. Ocean Dyn 62:815–829
Macías D, Martin AP, García-Lafuente J, García CM, Yool A, Bruno M, Vázquez-Escobar A,
Izquierdo A, Sein DV, Echevarría F (2007) Analysis of mixing and biogeochemical effects induced by tides on the Atlantic-Mediterranean flow in the Strait of Gibraltar through a physical–
biological coupled model. Prog Oceanogr 74:252–272
Madec G (2008) NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pole de modélisation. Institut Pierre-Simon
Laplace (IPSL), France, No 27, ISSN No 1288-1619, 217 pp
Mariotti A, Struglia MV, Zeng N, Lau KM (2002) The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean
region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea. J Climate 15:1674–1690
Marotzke J (1991) Influence of convective adjustment on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. J Phys Oceanogr 21:903–907
Marshall D, Marshall J (1995) On the thermodynamics of subduction. J Phys Oceanogr 25:138–
151
Marsili LF (1681) Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio overo Canale di Constantinopoli rappresentate in lettera alla sacra real Maestá Cristina Regina di Svezia da Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli.
Nicoló Angelo Tinassi, Roma. (Translated into English by Soffientino, B, Pilson MEQ)
Matthäus W, Franck H (1992) Characteristics of major Baltic inflows—a statistical analysis. Cont
Shelf Res 12:1375–1400
Meier HEM (2001) On the parameterization of mixing in three-dimensional Baltic Sea models.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 106:30,997–31,016
175
Lascaratos A, Nittis K (1998) A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate
water formation in the Levantine Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 103:18,497–18,511
Lascaratos A, Roether W, Nittis K, Klein B (1999) Recent changes in deep water formation and
spreading in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review. Prog Oceanogr 44:5–36
Lass HU, Mohrholz V (2003) On the dynamics and mixing of inflowing salt-water in the Arkona
Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 108:3042
Lass HU, Prandke H, Liljebladh B (2003) Dissipation in the Baltic proper during winter stratification. J Geophys Res—Oceans 108:3187
Latif MA, Özsoy E, Oguz T, Unluata U (1991) Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the
Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res 38(Suppl 2):711–723
Lehmann A (1994) The major Baltic inflow in 1993—a numerical model simulation. In: ICES
annual science conference, St John’s, ICES, CM1994/Q, p 9
Lehmann A (1995) A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea. Tellus A 47:1013–1031
Lehmann A, Krauss W, Hinrichsen H-H (2002) Effects of remote and local atmospheric forcing
on circulation and upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Tellus A 54:299–316
Lehmann A, Lorenz P, Jacob D (2004) Modelling the exceptional Baltic Sea inflow events in
2002–2003. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21308
Leppäranta M, Myrberg K (2009) Physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer Praxis, Berlin,
378 pp
Lewis BL, Landing WN (1991) The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron in the Black Sea.
Deep-Sea Res 38:S773–S805
Liljebladh B, Stigebrandt A (1996) Observations of the deepwater flow into the Baltic Sea. J Geophys Res—Oceans 101:8895–8911
Lilover MJ, Stips AK (2011) An alternative parameterization of eddy diffusivity in the Gulf of
Finland based on the kinetic energy of high frequency internal wave band. Boreal Environ Res
16(Suppl A):103–116
Liu Y, Zhu J, She J, Zhuang S, Fu W, Gao J (2009) Assimilating temperature and salinity profile
observations using an anisotropic recursive filter in a coastal ocean model. Ocean Model 30:75–
87
Lozovatsky ID, Fernando HJS (2001) Mixing on a shallow shelf of the Black Sea. J Phys Oceanogr
32:945–956
Lu X, Soomere T, Stanev EV, Murawski J (2012) Identification of the environmentally safe fairway
in the South-Western Baltic Sea and Kattegat. Ocean Dyn 62:815–829
Macías D, Martin AP, García-Lafuente J, García CM, Yool A, Bruno M, Vázquez-Escobar A,
Izquierdo A, Sein DV, Echevarría F (2007) Analysis of mixing and biogeochemical effects induced by tides on the Atlantic-Mediterranean flow in the Strait of Gibraltar through a physical–
biological coupled model. Prog Oceanogr 74:252–272
Madec G (2008) NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pole de modélisation. Institut Pierre-Simon
Laplace (IPSL), France, No 27, ISSN No 1288-1619, 217 pp
Mariotti A, Struglia MV, Zeng N, Lau KM (2002) The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean
region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea. J Climate 15:1674–1690
Marotzke J (1991) Influence of convective adjustment on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. J Phys Oceanogr 21:903–907
Marshall D, Marshall J (1995) On the thermodynamics of subduction. J Phys Oceanogr 25:138–
151
Marsili LF (1681) Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio overo Canale di Constantinopoli rappresentate in lettera alla sacra real Maestá Cristina Regina di Svezia da Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli.
Nicoló Angelo Tinassi, Roma. (Translated into English by Soffientino, B, Pilson MEQ)
Matthäus W, Franck H (1992) Characteristics of major Baltic inflows—a statistical analysis. Cont
Shelf Res 12:1375–1400
Meier HEM (2001) On the parameterization of mixing in three-dimensional Baltic Sea models.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 106:30,997–31,016