5 European Semi-enclosed Seas
173
Bryan K (1969) A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the World Ocean. J Comput
Phys 4:347–376
Bryden HL, Stommel H (1982) Origin of the Mediterranean outflow. J Mar Res 40:55–71
Bryden HL, Candela J, Kinder TH (1994) Exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Prog Oceanogr
33:201–248
Buch E, She J (2005) Operational ocean forecasting at the Danish Meteorological Institute. Environ
Res Eng Manage 3:5–11
Candela J, Winant CD, Bryden HL (1989) Meteorologically forced subinertial flows through the
Strait of Gibraltar. J Geophys Res—Oceans 94:12,667–12,679
Cushman-Roisin BJ, Beckers J-M (2011) Introduction to geophysical fluid dynamics: physical and
numerical aspects. Academic Press, San Diego, 828 pp
Déqué M, Piedelievre J (1995) High resolution climate simulation over Europe. Clim Dyn 11:321–
339
Dick S, Kleine E (2007) The BSH new operational circulation model using general vertical coordinates. Environ Res Eng Manage 3:18–24
Dick S, Kleine E, Müller-Navarra S (2001) The operational circulation model of BSH (BSH cmod).
Model description and validation. Berichte des Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie 29/2001. Hamburg, Germany, 48 pp
Dietrich DE (1997) Application of a modified Arakawa A grid ocean model having reduced numerical dispersion to the Gulf of Mexico circulation. Dyn Atmos Ocean 27:201–217
Döös K, Meier HEM, Döscher R (2004) The Baltic haline conveyor belt or the overturning circulation and mixing in the Baltic. Ambio 33:261–266
Elken J, Raudsepp U, Lips U (2003) On the estuarine transport reversal in deep layers of the Gulf
of Finland. J Sea Res 49:267–274
Elken J, Mälkki P, Alenius P, Stipa T (2006) Large halocline variations in the northern Baltic
Proper and associated meso- and basin-scale processes. Oceanologia 48(S):91–117
Farmer DM, Armi L (1988) The flow of Atlantic Water through the Strait of Gibraltar. Prog
Oceanogr 21:1–105
Fenoglio-Marc L (2001) Analysis and representation of regional sea-level variability from altimetry and atmospheric-oceanic data. Geophys J Int 145:1–18
Fernández V, Dietrich DE, Haney RL, Tintoré J (2005) Mesoscale, seasonal and interannual variability in the Mediterranean Sea using a numerical ocean model. Prog Oceanogr 66:321–340
Funkquist L, Kleine E (2007) An introduction to HIROMB, an operational baroclinic model for
the Baltic Sea. Technical report 37. SMHI, Norrköping, 47 pp
García-Lafuente J, Sánchez-Román A, del Río GD, Sannino G, Sánchez-Garrido J (2007) Recent observations of seasonal variability of the Mediterranean outflow in the Strait of Gibraltar.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 112:C10005
García-Lafuente J, Delgado J, Sánchez-Román A, Soto J, Carracedo L, del Río GD (2009) Interanual variability of the Mediterranean outflow observed in Espartel sill, western Strait of Gibraltar.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 114:C10018
Gargett AE (1984) Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J Mar Res 42:359–393
Garrett C (2004) Frictional processes in straits. Deep-Sea Res, Part II 51:393–410
Gascard J, Richez C (1985) Water masses and circulation in the Western Alborán Sea and in the
Straits of Gibraltar. Prog Oceanogr 15:157–216
Gill AE (1977) The hydraulics of rotating-channel flow. J Fluid Mech 80:641–671
Grayek S, Stanev EV, Kandilarov R (2010) On the response of Black Sea level to external forcing:
altimeter data and numerical modelling. Ocean Dyn 60:123–140
Gregg MC, Özsoy E (1999) Mixing on the Black Sea shelf north of the Bosphorus. Geophys Res
Lett 26:1869–1872
Gregg MC, Özsoy E (2002) Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. J Geophys
Res—Oceans 107:3016
Gregg MC, Özsoy E, Latif MA (1999) Quasi-steady exchange flow in the Bosphorus. Geophys
Res Lett 26:83–86
173
Bryan K (1969) A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the World Ocean. J Comput
Phys 4:347–376
Bryden HL, Stommel H (1982) Origin of the Mediterranean outflow. J Mar Res 40:55–71
Bryden HL, Candela J, Kinder TH (1994) Exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Prog Oceanogr
33:201–248
Buch E, She J (2005) Operational ocean forecasting at the Danish Meteorological Institute. Environ
Res Eng Manage 3:5–11
Candela J, Winant CD, Bryden HL (1989) Meteorologically forced subinertial flows through the
Strait of Gibraltar. J Geophys Res—Oceans 94:12,667–12,679
Cushman-Roisin BJ, Beckers J-M (2011) Introduction to geophysical fluid dynamics: physical and
numerical aspects. Academic Press, San Diego, 828 pp
Déqué M, Piedelievre J (1995) High resolution climate simulation over Europe. Clim Dyn 11:321–
339
Dick S, Kleine E (2007) The BSH new operational circulation model using general vertical coordinates. Environ Res Eng Manage 3:18–24
Dick S, Kleine E, Müller-Navarra S (2001) The operational circulation model of BSH (BSH cmod).
Model description and validation. Berichte des Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie 29/2001. Hamburg, Germany, 48 pp
Dietrich DE (1997) Application of a modified Arakawa A grid ocean model having reduced numerical dispersion to the Gulf of Mexico circulation. Dyn Atmos Ocean 27:201–217
Döös K, Meier HEM, Döscher R (2004) The Baltic haline conveyor belt or the overturning circulation and mixing in the Baltic. Ambio 33:261–266
Elken J, Raudsepp U, Lips U (2003) On the estuarine transport reversal in deep layers of the Gulf
of Finland. J Sea Res 49:267–274
Elken J, Mälkki P, Alenius P, Stipa T (2006) Large halocline variations in the northern Baltic
Proper and associated meso- and basin-scale processes. Oceanologia 48(S):91–117
Farmer DM, Armi L (1988) The flow of Atlantic Water through the Strait of Gibraltar. Prog
Oceanogr 21:1–105
Fenoglio-Marc L (2001) Analysis and representation of regional sea-level variability from altimetry and atmospheric-oceanic data. Geophys J Int 145:1–18
Fernández V, Dietrich DE, Haney RL, Tintoré J (2005) Mesoscale, seasonal and interannual variability in the Mediterranean Sea using a numerical ocean model. Prog Oceanogr 66:321–340
Funkquist L, Kleine E (2007) An introduction to HIROMB, an operational baroclinic model for
the Baltic Sea. Technical report 37. SMHI, Norrköping, 47 pp
García-Lafuente J, Sánchez-Román A, del Río GD, Sannino G, Sánchez-Garrido J (2007) Recent observations of seasonal variability of the Mediterranean outflow in the Strait of Gibraltar.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 112:C10005
García-Lafuente J, Delgado J, Sánchez-Román A, Soto J, Carracedo L, del Río GD (2009) Interanual variability of the Mediterranean outflow observed in Espartel sill, western Strait of Gibraltar.
J Geophys Res—Oceans 114:C10018
Gargett AE (1984) Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J Mar Res 42:359–393
Garrett C (2004) Frictional processes in straits. Deep-Sea Res, Part II 51:393–410
Gascard J, Richez C (1985) Water masses and circulation in the Western Alborán Sea and in the
Straits of Gibraltar. Prog Oceanogr 15:157–216
Gill AE (1977) The hydraulics of rotating-channel flow. J Fluid Mech 80:641–671
Grayek S, Stanev EV, Kandilarov R (2010) On the response of Black Sea level to external forcing:
altimeter data and numerical modelling. Ocean Dyn 60:123–140
Gregg MC, Özsoy E (1999) Mixing on the Black Sea shelf north of the Bosphorus. Geophys Res
Lett 26:1869–1872
Gregg MC, Özsoy E (2002) Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. J Geophys
Res—Oceans 107:3016
Gregg MC, Özsoy E, Latif MA (1999) Quasi-steady exchange flow in the Bosphorus. Geophys
Res Lett 26:83–86