CHAPTER 3 • Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zone Regions
61
Table 3.2 b. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 1990 (Source: Duchin et al. 1993)
B1990
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
S02
NO.
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture
Rice
1
0.0
0.1
392298
0
8.3
0
Other food crops
21
0.0
1.2
7.6
208
3 Other agr. crops
162
0.2
9.4
10.8
67
4 Livestock
173
0.2
10.0
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5 Forest products
210
0.3
12.3
49.4
109
5.1 Natural forests
47.9
109
5.2 Plantations
1.5
0
6 Fisheries
401
0.5
23.4
Mining
Coal
116
3.4
0.8
Crude oil
4230 50.6
29.4
Natural gas
2183
0.4
20.9
10 Other mining
200
5.4
0.7
Manu11 Food and tobacco
431
11.5
1.6
152 30
43
73
facturing
12 Wood products
589 15.8
2.1
13 Pulp and paper
57
1.5
0.2
177 47
155
54
14 Fertilizer
1962 11.4
16.3
15 Chemicals
71
2.0
0.4
0
0
0
16 Cement
442 12.1
2.0
17 Other manufact.
455 11.9
1.7
149 30
119
149
18 Petrol. refining
1004 13.2
6.3
19 LNG
443
3.3
3.1
Utilities
20 Electricity
3629 118.4
48.2
21 Gas utilities
335
8.0
1.5
22 Water utilities
53
0.3
0.2
Services
23 Construction
6156 40.4
22.1
24 Trade
724
4.6
2.7
25 Rest. and hotels
755
4.7
2.8
26 Transp and camm.
6088 86.1
386.5
27 Business services
130
0.8
0.5
28 Public admin.
0
0.0
0.0
29 Services
465
2.7
1.8
30 Unspecified
3
0.0
0.0
Households 31 Households
7589
7.1
151.8
9744
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
339078 416.9
760.4
402526 107
317
276
76.1
384
Plantation forests on a 15 year cycle are projected to account for 40% of log production under SI and 68% under S2. Plantations are to be established on degraded land
not suitable for other crops and, consequently, will not compete with agriculture for
land. Some soil erosion will occur when the plantations are first established, but erosion is expected to be negligible thereafter. Changes in methods of road building, felling, and transportation of timber from niltural forests are introduced to reduce soil
erosion and deforestation. The net impact of plantation forestry and improved practices in natural forests is to reduce land requirements per unit of forestry output by
35%, soil erosion by 80%, and deforestation by 65% under S1. The figures under S2 are
60%,92% and 81%.
61
Table 3.2 b. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 1990 (Source: Duchin et al. 1993)
B1990
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
S02
NO.
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture
Rice
1
0.0
0.1
392298
0
8.3
0
Other food crops
21
0.0
1.2
7.6
208
3 Other agr. crops
162
0.2
9.4
10.8
67
4 Livestock
173
0.2
10.0
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5 Forest products
210
0.3
12.3
49.4
109
5.1 Natural forests
47.9
109
5.2 Plantations
1.5
0
6 Fisheries
401
0.5
23.4
Mining
Coal
116
3.4
0.8
Crude oil
4230 50.6
29.4
Natural gas
2183
0.4
20.9
10 Other mining
200
5.4
0.7
Manu11 Food and tobacco
431
11.5
1.6
152 30
43
73
facturing
12 Wood products
589 15.8
2.1
13 Pulp and paper
57
1.5
0.2
177 47
155
54
14 Fertilizer
1962 11.4
16.3
15 Chemicals
71
2.0
0.4
0
0
0
16 Cement
442 12.1
2.0
17 Other manufact.
455 11.9
1.7
149 30
119
149
18 Petrol. refining
1004 13.2
6.3
19 LNG
443
3.3
3.1
Utilities
20 Electricity
3629 118.4
48.2
21 Gas utilities
335
8.0
1.5
22 Water utilities
53
0.3
0.2
Services
23 Construction
6156 40.4
22.1
24 Trade
724
4.6
2.7
25 Rest. and hotels
755
4.7
2.8
26 Transp and camm.
6088 86.1
386.5
27 Business services
130
0.8
0.5
28 Public admin.
0
0.0
0.0
29 Services
465
2.7
1.8
30 Unspecified
3
0.0
0.0
Households 31 Households
7589
7.1
151.8
9744
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
339078 416.9
760.4
402526 107
317
276
76.1
384
Plantation forests on a 15 year cycle are projected to account for 40% of log production under SI and 68% under S2. Plantations are to be established on degraded land
not suitable for other crops and, consequently, will not compete with agriculture for
land. Some soil erosion will occur when the plantations are first established, but erosion is expected to be negligible thereafter. Changes in methods of road building, felling, and transportation of timber from niltural forests are introduced to reduce soil
erosion and deforestation. The net impact of plantation forestry and improved practices in natural forests is to reduce land requirements per unit of forestry output by
35%, soil erosion by 80%, and deforestation by 65% under S1. The figures under S2 are
60%,92% and 81%.