60
G.-M. Lange
Table 3.2 a. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 1985 (Source: Duchin et al. 1993)
A 1985
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
502
NOx
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture 1 Rice
1
0.0
0.1
363251 0
7.8
2 Other food crops
18
0.0
1.1
6.2
170
3 Other agr. crops
133
0.2
7.7
10.0
62
4 Livestock
126
0.2
7.2
4 n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5 Forest products
134
0.2
7.8
5.1 Natural forests
5.2 Plantations
6 Fisheries
Minin'g
7 Coal
92
2.7
0.6
8 Crude oil
3865
46.2
26.9
9 Natural gas
1597
0.3
15.3
10 Other mining
267
7.2
1.0
Manu11 Food and tobacco
352
9.4
1.3
124 24
35
59
facturing
12 Wood products
256
6.9
0.9
13 Pulp and paper
53
1.4
0.2
164 43
142
49
14 Fertilizer
1717
10.0
14.3
15 Chemicals
244
7.0
1.5
0
0
16 Cement
509
13.9
2.3
17 Other manufact.
1033
27.1
4.0
339 68
271
339
18 Petrol. refining
908
11.9
5.7
19 LNG
283
2.1
2.0
Utilities
20 Electricity
3132 102.2
41.6
21 Gas utilities
285
6.9
1.3
22 Water utilities
40
0.3
0.1
Services
23 Construction
6582
43.2
23.7
24 Trade
624
4.0
2.3
25 Rest. and hotels
580
3.6
2.2
26 Transp and comm.
4772
67.5
303.0
27 Business services
101
0.6
0.4
28 Public admin.
0
0.0
0.0
29 Services
363
2.1
1.4
30 Unspecified
14
0.1
0.1
Households 31 Households
5807
5.5
116.2
8757 n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
34157 383.0
608.2
372640 135
449
448
60.2
311
if rice production is to expand in the future. Modification of the irrigation infrastructure to allow greater control of the flow of water and to reduce water leakage
and losses reduce water requirements per unit of output by 63% under Sl and 73%
under S2.
Forestry. Earlier analysis (Duchin and Lange 1992) showed that the natural production forests would not be able to satisfy Indonesia's domestic demand for wood products in the near future on a sustainable basis. The study now focused on the extent to
which plantation forests would need to supplement natural forests and on measures
required to manage natural forests sustainable.,
G.-M. Lange
Table 3.2 a. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 1985 (Source: Duchin et al. 1993)
A 1985
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
502
NOx
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture 1 Rice
1
0.0
0.1
363251 0
7.8
2 Other food crops
18
0.0
1.1
6.2
170
3 Other agr. crops
133
0.2
7.7
10.0
62
4 Livestock
126
0.2
7.2
4 n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5 Forest products
134
0.2
7.8
5.1 Natural forests
5.2 Plantations
6 Fisheries
Minin'g
7 Coal
92
2.7
0.6
8 Crude oil
3865
46.2
26.9
9 Natural gas
1597
0.3
15.3
10 Other mining
267
7.2
1.0
Manu11 Food and tobacco
352
9.4
1.3
124 24
35
59
facturing
12 Wood products
256
6.9
0.9
13 Pulp and paper
53
1.4
0.2
164 43
142
49
14 Fertilizer
1717
10.0
14.3
15 Chemicals
244
7.0
1.5
0
0
16 Cement
509
13.9
2.3
17 Other manufact.
1033
27.1
4.0
339 68
271
339
18 Petrol. refining
908
11.9
5.7
19 LNG
283
2.1
2.0
Utilities
20 Electricity
3132 102.2
41.6
21 Gas utilities
285
6.9
1.3
22 Water utilities
40
0.3
0.1
Services
23 Construction
6582
43.2
23.7
24 Trade
624
4.0
2.3
25 Rest. and hotels
580
3.6
2.2
26 Transp and comm.
4772
67.5
303.0
27 Business services
101
0.6
0.4
28 Public admin.
0
0.0
0.0
29 Services
363
2.1
1.4
30 Unspecified
14
0.1
0.1
Households 31 Households
5807
5.5
116.2
8757 n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
34157 383.0
608.2
372640 135
449
448
60.2
311
if rice production is to expand in the future. Modification of the irrigation infrastructure to allow greater control of the flow of water and to reduce water leakage
and losses reduce water requirements per unit of output by 63% under Sl and 73%
under S2.
Forestry. Earlier analysis (Duchin and Lange 1992) showed that the natural production forests would not be able to satisfy Indonesia's domestic demand for wood products in the near future on a sustainable basis. The study now focused on the extent to
which plantation forests would need to supplement natural forests and on measures
required to manage natural forests sustainable.,