CHAPTER 1 • Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (lCZM)
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increased damage/maintenance costs of wooden structures such as piers. Benefits can
be classified and defined as follows:
Resource utilization benefits. These benefits stem from production of goods and
services not currently being produced in the coastal area e.g. oil and gas, aggregates
and recreation.
Mitigation benefits. These benefits are comprised of damage reduction and restoration benefits. Examples include reducing damages from: point and nonpoint residuals
disposal, coastal storms, hurricanes, shoreline erosion, non-coastal soil erosion, salinity intrusion, excessive withdrawals from ground water aquifers, sedimentation in navigation channels and harbours, breeding areas for vector-borne diseases, over exploitation of fish species, water fowl and water animals. Examples of restoration benefits include actions which return the coastal system toward original ecosystem productivity,
such as: replanting wetlands, constructing "artificial" wetlands, removing exotic species, restocking with native species, improving water quality by various means to reduce water intake treatment costs, increase water species productivity, increase availability of swimming and decrease fish advisories.
Enhancement benefits. These benefits are achieved by increasing the outputs from a
coastal water body from current levels, as long as the costs involved are less than the
potential gains. They are comprised of two subcategories:
a increasing the output of some product or service by, e.g. constructing artificial reefs
to provide habitat for fisheries thereby increasing fish output, constructing recreation facilities such as ramadas, parking areas, outhouses and beaches, installing shark
protection devices in coastal swimming areas, increasing the depth of navigation
channels and harbours;
b reducing conflicts among or between various users of the coastal resources, such as
competing uses among beach recreationalists, e.g. dunebuggies, surf fishers, swimmers; competing use of navigation channels by commercial and recreational vessels; or conflict between oil/gas exploitation and recreation or non-use ecosystem
preservation benefits. Conflict reduction can be accomplished by, for example, some
combination of pricing schemes and time and spatial scheduling of activities.
Preservation benefits. These benefits stem from setting aside and managing particular
areas in order to preserve the natural ecosystem e.g. marine sanctuaries or preserves
in order to counteract or preclude increasing "consumptive use" pressure on such resources. Two types of benefits are involved: (1) use benefits; and (2) non-use benefits.
The former involves activities which produce benefits as a result of actual visits to the
preserved area for observing natural ecosystems, for scuba diving, for taking photographs. In contrast, the latter subcategory of preservation benefits does not involve
actual visits to an area. Rather, the benefits are estimated as a function of "option demand" and "existence value".
Indirect economic benefits. This category is comprised of benefits stemming from
"second round" effects of measures applied to produce direct economic benefits. The
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increased damage/maintenance costs of wooden structures such as piers. Benefits can
be classified and defined as follows:
Resource utilization benefits. These benefits stem from production of goods and
services not currently being produced in the coastal area e.g. oil and gas, aggregates
and recreation.
Mitigation benefits. These benefits are comprised of damage reduction and restoration benefits. Examples include reducing damages from: point and nonpoint residuals
disposal, coastal storms, hurricanes, shoreline erosion, non-coastal soil erosion, salinity intrusion, excessive withdrawals from ground water aquifers, sedimentation in navigation channels and harbours, breeding areas for vector-borne diseases, over exploitation of fish species, water fowl and water animals. Examples of restoration benefits include actions which return the coastal system toward original ecosystem productivity,
such as: replanting wetlands, constructing "artificial" wetlands, removing exotic species, restocking with native species, improving water quality by various means to reduce water intake treatment costs, increase water species productivity, increase availability of swimming and decrease fish advisories.
Enhancement benefits. These benefits are achieved by increasing the outputs from a
coastal water body from current levels, as long as the costs involved are less than the
potential gains. They are comprised of two subcategories:
a increasing the output of some product or service by, e.g. constructing artificial reefs
to provide habitat for fisheries thereby increasing fish output, constructing recreation facilities such as ramadas, parking areas, outhouses and beaches, installing shark
protection devices in coastal swimming areas, increasing the depth of navigation
channels and harbours;
b reducing conflicts among or between various users of the coastal resources, such as
competing uses among beach recreationalists, e.g. dunebuggies, surf fishers, swimmers; competing use of navigation channels by commercial and recreational vessels; or conflict between oil/gas exploitation and recreation or non-use ecosystem
preservation benefits. Conflict reduction can be accomplished by, for example, some
combination of pricing schemes and time and spatial scheduling of activities.
Preservation benefits. These benefits stem from setting aside and managing particular
areas in order to preserve the natural ecosystem e.g. marine sanctuaries or preserves
in order to counteract or preclude increasing "consumptive use" pressure on such resources. Two types of benefits are involved: (1) use benefits; and (2) non-use benefits.
The former involves activities which produce benefits as a result of actual visits to the
preserved area for observing natural ecosystems, for scuba diving, for taking photographs. In contrast, the latter subcategory of preservation benefits does not involve
actual visits to an area. Rather, the benefits are estimated as a function of "option demand" and "existence value".
Indirect economic benefits. This category is comprised of benefits stemming from
"second round" effects of measures applied to produce direct economic benefits. The