22
R.K. Turner· B.T. Bower
It is important to note, with respect to IeZM, that none of the desired outputs can
be achieved without financing. This involves not only the financing of analysis and
planning, but also the financing of capital investments, Operation/Maintenance/Replacement (OMR) costs (including monitoring and enforcement) and an allocation for
contingencies. With regard to capital investments, it is essential to investigate:
a how governmental agencies involved will raise the annual "cash flow" required for
repayment ofloans for capital investment, as well as covering OMR costs and a contingencies fund; and
b whether or not the activities allocated to private entities, can be financed by those
entities.
1.S
Characterising the Benefits of ICZM
The benefits of IeZM can be most readily discerned if they are related to baseline conditions in the given coastal zone i.e. coastal area A at time To. The condition of the
coastal resources at To reflects the effects of various human activities and of natural
events over past time to To. Examples include
• damage that has been incurred from coastal storms, hurricanes, eroding shorelines,
• loss of habitat, e.g. wetlands that have been filled and mangroves removed,
• water quality that has been degraded by discharges of various materials, e.g. heavy
metals, synthetic organics, suspended solids, faecal matter,
• sedimentation that has occurred in navigation channels and in harbour areas, and
on spawning beds and coral reefs,
• offshore sand and gravel mining that has affected fisheries and the wider ecosystem,
• salinity intrusion that has occurred as a result of excessive withdrawals from ground
water aquifersj
• both finfish and shellfish yield declines,
• residential and commercial facilities that have continued to be constructed in hazardous areas in relation to coastal storms, hurricanes, shoreline erosion,
• conflicts among different types of recreation users of beach areas that have become
more prevalent,
• conflicts between commercial and recreational fishers that have escalated,
• exotic species that have inadvertently been introduced into the coastal waters, resulting in damages to physical structures, e.g. water intakes, and to indigenous species.
IeZM benefits are achieved by: reducing damages; mitigating pollution and resource
overexploitation problems; enhancing coastal zone outputs; and preserving unique
coastal ecosystems. It is important to recognize that benefits comprise the net effects
on coastal zone resources - processes, functions and outputs - linked to a management measure or set of measures. Any given measure often generates multiple effects
not all of which will be positive. Thus a measure which reduces "pollutant" discharges
into a coastal water body can reduce damages to recreation at the same time improving the environment for finfish, but also increasing borer populations which result in
R.K. Turner· B.T. Bower
It is important to note, with respect to IeZM, that none of the desired outputs can
be achieved without financing. This involves not only the financing of analysis and
planning, but also the financing of capital investments, Operation/Maintenance/Replacement (OMR) costs (including monitoring and enforcement) and an allocation for
contingencies. With regard to capital investments, it is essential to investigate:
a how governmental agencies involved will raise the annual "cash flow" required for
repayment ofloans for capital investment, as well as covering OMR costs and a contingencies fund; and
b whether or not the activities allocated to private entities, can be financed by those
entities.
1.S
Characterising the Benefits of ICZM
The benefits of IeZM can be most readily discerned if they are related to baseline conditions in the given coastal zone i.e. coastal area A at time To. The condition of the
coastal resources at To reflects the effects of various human activities and of natural
events over past time to To. Examples include
• damage that has been incurred from coastal storms, hurricanes, eroding shorelines,
• loss of habitat, e.g. wetlands that have been filled and mangroves removed,
• water quality that has been degraded by discharges of various materials, e.g. heavy
metals, synthetic organics, suspended solids, faecal matter,
• sedimentation that has occurred in navigation channels and in harbour areas, and
on spawning beds and coral reefs,
• offshore sand and gravel mining that has affected fisheries and the wider ecosystem,
• salinity intrusion that has occurred as a result of excessive withdrawals from ground
water aquifersj
• both finfish and shellfish yield declines,
• residential and commercial facilities that have continued to be constructed in hazardous areas in relation to coastal storms, hurricanes, shoreline erosion,
• conflicts among different types of recreation users of beach areas that have become
more prevalent,
• conflicts between commercial and recreational fishers that have escalated,
• exotic species that have inadvertently been introduced into the coastal waters, resulting in damages to physical structures, e.g. water intakes, and to indigenous species.
IeZM benefits are achieved by: reducing damages; mitigating pollution and resource
overexploitation problems; enhancing coastal zone outputs; and preserving unique
coastal ecosystems. It is important to recognize that benefits comprise the net effects
on coastal zone resources - processes, functions and outputs - linked to a management measure or set of measures. Any given measure often generates multiple effects
not all of which will be positive. Thus a measure which reduces "pollutant" discharges
into a coastal water body can reduce damages to recreation at the same time improving the environment for finfish, but also increasing borer populations which result in