~62
B. Glaeser
called a plan. CM institutions must have a plan for land use and water use to guide the
decision-making process.
Planning is often integrated into the management process but management is not a
part of planning. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) (following Sorensen 1997)
is based on the physical, socioeconomic and political interconnections among dynamic
coastal systems and integrates the planning and management of coastal resources and
environments. Integration is understood horizontally and vertically. It requires to coordinate those stakeholders whose actions have a significant impact on the quantity
or quality of coastal resources and environments. The coordination process is done in
a cross sectoral way (horizontal approach) and involves different government levels
and non-government organizations (vertical approach). ICZM usually includes, in
apdition to the planning component, applied research and public outreach and education.
John Clark's handbook "Coastal Zone Management" (Clark 1996) is no doubt the
most comprehensive source on the theme. It was influenced by the author's international consulting activities and has its main merits in its accumulated applied knowledge and case studies. The book divides between management strategies, methods and
information. According to Clark, the main purpose of ICZM is not to directly manage
coastal resource use. ICZM manages the development process for the coast "to assist
in conserving environmental resources by serving a multi-sectoral and multi-agency
coordinative purpose" (Clark 1996).
Integration describes the effort to coordinate the separate economic and governmental sectors to reduce fragmentation and duplication. ICZM is divided into a planning and an implementation mode. In planning, the consequences of development
actions are examined; safeguards and development alternatives are proposed to guarantee the sustainable use of coastal natural resources, at the most productive levels
possible. This aspect of the definition (cf. GESAMP 1996) actually qualifies ICZM as
SCZM, sustainable coastal zone development which is the name of the Swedish research
program: SUCOZOMA.
19.3.2
Guidelines for Implementation
There are various ways to implement and operate an ICZM program. A rather clear
example was provided by the World Bank (Post and Lundin 1996; cf. Serageldin and
Steer 1994; Serageldin 1995, 1996). The authors differentiate between plan formulation,
program implementation, monitoring, evaluation and enforcement.
Plan formulation consists of four steps. Step 1 initiates the effort. The needs for improved management are recognized by consulting stakeholders and key agencies. A
concept paper is prepared, an ICZM program is approved. A team is formed to review
institutional capacities. In step 2 the'ICZM plan is formulated. Information and data
on coastal characteristics, including physical, economic and social aspects, are assembled. Public participation is included. Management problems and economic opportunities are assessed. Policies, goals and projects are recommended. Monitoring and
evaluation systems are designed, a time table is set up. Step 3 involves the government
to formally adopt the program. An interagency coordination is established, staffing is
included. The legal framework is enacted, fuMs are allocated. The ICZM program be-
B. Glaeser
called a plan. CM institutions must have a plan for land use and water use to guide the
decision-making process.
Planning is often integrated into the management process but management is not a
part of planning. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) (following Sorensen 1997)
is based on the physical, socioeconomic and political interconnections among dynamic
coastal systems and integrates the planning and management of coastal resources and
environments. Integration is understood horizontally and vertically. It requires to coordinate those stakeholders whose actions have a significant impact on the quantity
or quality of coastal resources and environments. The coordination process is done in
a cross sectoral way (horizontal approach) and involves different government levels
and non-government organizations (vertical approach). ICZM usually includes, in
apdition to the planning component, applied research and public outreach and education.
John Clark's handbook "Coastal Zone Management" (Clark 1996) is no doubt the
most comprehensive source on the theme. It was influenced by the author's international consulting activities and has its main merits in its accumulated applied knowledge and case studies. The book divides between management strategies, methods and
information. According to Clark, the main purpose of ICZM is not to directly manage
coastal resource use. ICZM manages the development process for the coast "to assist
in conserving environmental resources by serving a multi-sectoral and multi-agency
coordinative purpose" (Clark 1996).
Integration describes the effort to coordinate the separate economic and governmental sectors to reduce fragmentation and duplication. ICZM is divided into a planning and an implementation mode. In planning, the consequences of development
actions are examined; safeguards and development alternatives are proposed to guarantee the sustainable use of coastal natural resources, at the most productive levels
possible. This aspect of the definition (cf. GESAMP 1996) actually qualifies ICZM as
SCZM, sustainable coastal zone development which is the name of the Swedish research
program: SUCOZOMA.
19.3.2
Guidelines for Implementation
There are various ways to implement and operate an ICZM program. A rather clear
example was provided by the World Bank (Post and Lundin 1996; cf. Serageldin and
Steer 1994; Serageldin 1995, 1996). The authors differentiate between plan formulation,
program implementation, monitoring, evaluation and enforcement.
Plan formulation consists of four steps. Step 1 initiates the effort. The needs for improved management are recognized by consulting stakeholders and key agencies. A
concept paper is prepared, an ICZM program is approved. A team is formed to review
institutional capacities. In step 2 the'ICZM plan is formulated. Information and data
on coastal characteristics, including physical, economic and social aspects, are assembled. Public participation is included. Management problems and economic opportunities are assessed. Policies, goals and projects are recommended. Monitoring and
evaluation systems are designed, a time table is set up. Step 3 involves the government
to formally adopt the program. An interagency coordination is established, staffing is
included. The legal framework is enacted, fuMs are allocated. The ICZM program be-