360
B. Glaeser
The pulp and paper industry is one of the most important Swedish industries. The
environmental impact of bleaching effluents are such that large amounts of chlorinated
organic substances will remain in the Baltic Sea for long. Ecological and biological effects include reduced biomass and morphological changes. Biochemical and physiological effects an fish have been observed (Sodergren 1993).
Swedish nuclear power plants are located at four coastal sites. "The twelve reactors
have a total capacity of 10 000 MWe (megawatt electric), covering about half of the electricity consumption:' Brackish or marine water is used for cooling.
Oil refineries apply air cooling. They require a harbor with a depth of at least 27 m and
around 1 km 2 of land per unit. Petrochemical and chemical plants require both fresh
and cooling water as well as a harbor. Pulp and paper mills require land and water. Metal
Pfocessing plants and engineering works require cooling water (brackish or salt wate'r), a harbor and roads. All of this amounts to the need for coastal space and resources.
The coast acts also as a receiving body (sink). Industrial plants discharge polluted air
and water. The effect on the environment depends on type, concentration and quantity of
pollutants as well as on the composition of the ground, soil, water, flora and fauna. The use
of coastal water as a recipient demands consideration of other water use interests.
19.2.6
Shipping and Navigation
Shipping requires space for lanes, anchorage, quays and harbor reception facilities for
pollutants. Shore erosion, sewage discharges, oil spills, litter have an impact on fishing,
outdoor leisure activities and aquaculture. (On trade and environmental sustainability,
see Ekins et al. 1994.)
An increasing problem is posed by air pollution from ships adding significantly to
the nitrogen and sulfur load to air and the marine environment (high speed catamaran ferries). Another growing problem, particularly in the Baltic, is the introduction
of alien species via ballast water: they may have a detrimental effect on native marine
species and ecosystems (Jansson 1994).
Beach users are concerned about the waste and trash washed ashore, carried out to
sea by rivers and municipal drainage systems and dropped by beach users.
19~2.7
Energy Use
Increasing energy needs will demand new techniques including regenerative energy
from wind and waves to be developed. These involve large constructions with impact
on coastal activities and environments. The goverment's Wind Power Survey has investigated extensive coastal areas and proposed offshore sites for wind power farms
using large-scale wind power plants. Examples can be seen and conflicting interests
can be observed on the west coast, in Halland (cf. Bohler 1998). The press reported in
early 1998 about 22 sea based wind power plants, between 60 and 70 m high, to be installed by the utility company Bohus Energi in the vicinity of Goteborg harbor. Some
concern was expressed as to how this activity would influence sea traffic. Tremendous
unrest, however, was created among the local eel fishers who were afraid that their
catches might drop considerably (Andree 1998).
B. Glaeser
The pulp and paper industry is one of the most important Swedish industries. The
environmental impact of bleaching effluents are such that large amounts of chlorinated
organic substances will remain in the Baltic Sea for long. Ecological and biological effects include reduced biomass and morphological changes. Biochemical and physiological effects an fish have been observed (Sodergren 1993).
Swedish nuclear power plants are located at four coastal sites. "The twelve reactors
have a total capacity of 10 000 MWe (megawatt electric), covering about half of the electricity consumption:' Brackish or marine water is used for cooling.
Oil refineries apply air cooling. They require a harbor with a depth of at least 27 m and
around 1 km 2 of land per unit. Petrochemical and chemical plants require both fresh
and cooling water as well as a harbor. Pulp and paper mills require land and water. Metal
Pfocessing plants and engineering works require cooling water (brackish or salt wate'r), a harbor and roads. All of this amounts to the need for coastal space and resources.
The coast acts also as a receiving body (sink). Industrial plants discharge polluted air
and water. The effect on the environment depends on type, concentration and quantity of
pollutants as well as on the composition of the ground, soil, water, flora and fauna. The use
of coastal water as a recipient demands consideration of other water use interests.
19.2.6
Shipping and Navigation
Shipping requires space for lanes, anchorage, quays and harbor reception facilities for
pollutants. Shore erosion, sewage discharges, oil spills, litter have an impact on fishing,
outdoor leisure activities and aquaculture. (On trade and environmental sustainability,
see Ekins et al. 1994.)
An increasing problem is posed by air pollution from ships adding significantly to
the nitrogen and sulfur load to air and the marine environment (high speed catamaran ferries). Another growing problem, particularly in the Baltic, is the introduction
of alien species via ballast water: they may have a detrimental effect on native marine
species and ecosystems (Jansson 1994).
Beach users are concerned about the waste and trash washed ashore, carried out to
sea by rivers and municipal drainage systems and dropped by beach users.
19~2.7
Energy Use
Increasing energy needs will demand new techniques including regenerative energy
from wind and waves to be developed. These involve large constructions with impact
on coastal activities and environments. The goverment's Wind Power Survey has investigated extensive coastal areas and proposed offshore sites for wind power farms
using large-scale wind power plants. Examples can be seen and conflicting interests
can be observed on the west coast, in Halland (cf. Bohler 1998). The press reported in
early 1998 about 22 sea based wind power plants, between 60 and 70 m high, to be installed by the utility company Bohus Energi in the vicinity of Goteborg harbor. Some
concern was expressed as to how this activity would influence sea traffic. Tremendous
unrest, however, was created among the local eel fishers who were afraid that their
catches might drop considerably (Andree 1998).