CHAPTER 19 . Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden
359
19.2.3
Tourism and Recreation
Outdoor leisure and activities require clean water, free space and harbours. The development of land versus non-exploitation involves careful planning in the coastal zone
to create areas suitable for all types of outdoor leisure activities. Conflicts arise with
those who establish urban settlements, build holiday cottages, carryon commercial
fishing, build marinas or establish aquaculture.
In Scandinavian countries people spend much of their free time in the countryside
pursuing various outdoor leisure activities. The right to spend leisure time in the countryside and walk in forests and other natural areas to pick mushrooms, berries and
flowers ~s called "the right of public access" in Sweden. This right is also coupled with
a "public duty of consideration". Outdoor leisure activities along the shores are governed by the Nature Conservation Act. People may bathe and use small leisure craft
everywhere except in the vicinity of private sites and specially protected areas. In many
areas people are free to fish. Two million Swedes fish for fun (Anonymous 1992). "While
most types of fishing with rod and line in coastal and marine waters are allowed, fixed
gears and traps are much more strictly controlled and require sometimes licenses;'
Many Swedes own holiday homes at the coast. The growth in holiday homes is one
of the main reasons for the incorporation of shore protection in the Nature Conservation Act. "There is so little undeveloped land in the archipelagos close to urban areas
nowadays that strict management is necessary to keep remaining areas free of holiday
homes;'
19.2.4
Nature Conservation
Marine protected areas are crucial tools in any strategy for preserving living resources
and biodiversity. The European Commission Habitat Directive, adopted in 1992, aims
at protecting the North Sea.
"The most well developed and complex marine ecosystems are found in coastal
waters." Here the threats to the marine environment and deterioration of marine ecosystems are most severe (including wetlands: Gren et al. 1994; cf. also Costanza et al.
1993; Gunther and Folke 1994). Marine nature conservation preserves and protects "vulnerable marine species and their genetic diversity, as well as habitats such as the benthos
of the soft and hard bottoms, algal belts, eelgrass meadows, fjords and lagoons".
The signatories of the Helsinki Convention committed themselves to protect natural habitats, biological diversity and ecological processes in the Baltic Sea. The list of
Baltic Sea Protected Areas proposes 62 marine areas and includes 13 such areas in Swedish coastal waters, west and east coast.
19.2.5
Industry
Coastal zones offer favourable sites for industries. They are well suited to ship raw
materials and fmished products. There is ready acc~ss to groundwater, process water,
cooling water and to recipients for the discharge of waste water.
359
19.2.3
Tourism and Recreation
Outdoor leisure and activities require clean water, free space and harbours. The development of land versus non-exploitation involves careful planning in the coastal zone
to create areas suitable for all types of outdoor leisure activities. Conflicts arise with
those who establish urban settlements, build holiday cottages, carryon commercial
fishing, build marinas or establish aquaculture.
In Scandinavian countries people spend much of their free time in the countryside
pursuing various outdoor leisure activities. The right to spend leisure time in the countryside and walk in forests and other natural areas to pick mushrooms, berries and
flowers ~s called "the right of public access" in Sweden. This right is also coupled with
a "public duty of consideration". Outdoor leisure activities along the shores are governed by the Nature Conservation Act. People may bathe and use small leisure craft
everywhere except in the vicinity of private sites and specially protected areas. In many
areas people are free to fish. Two million Swedes fish for fun (Anonymous 1992). "While
most types of fishing with rod and line in coastal and marine waters are allowed, fixed
gears and traps are much more strictly controlled and require sometimes licenses;'
Many Swedes own holiday homes at the coast. The growth in holiday homes is one
of the main reasons for the incorporation of shore protection in the Nature Conservation Act. "There is so little undeveloped land in the archipelagos close to urban areas
nowadays that strict management is necessary to keep remaining areas free of holiday
homes;'
19.2.4
Nature Conservation
Marine protected areas are crucial tools in any strategy for preserving living resources
and biodiversity. The European Commission Habitat Directive, adopted in 1992, aims
at protecting the North Sea.
"The most well developed and complex marine ecosystems are found in coastal
waters." Here the threats to the marine environment and deterioration of marine ecosystems are most severe (including wetlands: Gren et al. 1994; cf. also Costanza et al.
1993; Gunther and Folke 1994). Marine nature conservation preserves and protects "vulnerable marine species and their genetic diversity, as well as habitats such as the benthos
of the soft and hard bottoms, algal belts, eelgrass meadows, fjords and lagoons".
The signatories of the Helsinki Convention committed themselves to protect natural habitats, biological diversity and ecological processes in the Baltic Sea. The list of
Baltic Sea Protected Areas proposes 62 marine areas and includes 13 such areas in Swedish coastal waters, west and east coast.
19.2.5
Industry
Coastal zones offer favourable sites for industries. They are well suited to ship raw
materials and fmished products. There is ready acc~ss to groundwater, process water,
cooling water and to recipients for the discharge of waste water.