CHAPTER 19 • Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden
357
ral resources, biodiversity and carrying capacity (Serageldin 1996). The triangular
framework is offered as "multicriteria analysis" (M. Munasinghe) to policymakers as
an alternative instrument when progress toward multiple objectives cannot be measured by a single criterion, monetary value (Serageldin and Steer 1994). This was precisely the ecodevelopment objective, as carried through by an array of case studies. A
shift may be observed as the economic criterion moved away from self-reliance towards
efficiency: a tribute to globalization. A framework for improving the management of
water resources, based on international examples, is offered on World Bank policy
grounds (Serageldin 1995).
From the perspective of human ecology, a holistic view and a holistic approach are
necessary to deal not only with natural resource use, but also with the users in society
(Folke ~nd Jansson 1992). Such a socioenvironmental perspective crosses the boundaries of various academic disciplines. It involves and combines disciplines adhering to
the natural, the social and the planning and management sciences. Such an "integrative approach" is perceived in this program as the scientific prerequisite and basis for
coastal management which, in a multifaceted way, deals with people (users, stakeholders) and their natural environments. Human ecology addresses the social component
in addition to ecological considerations: its explicit subject is the interface between
society and the environment. This implies that, in addition to technical problems, the
applied life sciences deal with successfully when it comes to, say, production or output
increases, other issues are at least equally important.
19.2
Multiple Use and Conflicts
Coastal zones are highly dynamic and diverse. This stimulates the development of a
great variety of human activities (professional and recreational fisheries, mariculture,
industries, tourism, transport, energy, defense, nature conservation, etc.) and involves
a large number of stakeholders. These are those who affect and are affected by policies, decisions and actions taken in relation to the coastal environment and resources
by anyone concerned. A stakeholder could be an individual or a community, a social
group or an official institution and they are at risk because coastal management may
hazard their interests (stakes) in one or another way. In the following, competing ways
of using the coastal zone are identified (Ackefors and Grip 1995: see the following quotations).
19.2.1
Fishing
Modern fishing has an adverse impact on marine ecosystems by over-fishing and use
of certain fishing gear e.g. different bottom trawls, which have a detrimental impact
on bottom fauna (ICES 1993; Anonymous 1995). Another problem is the large amount
of fish accidentally caught and thrown overboard when target species are fished. Current fishing practices also result in incidental catches of mammalian and avian species and favour scavenging seabirds.
At the same time, fishing depends on a healthy environment, above all in spawning
and nursery areas. Commercial fishing suffers from'pollution by various sources. Ma-
357
ral resources, biodiversity and carrying capacity (Serageldin 1996). The triangular
framework is offered as "multicriteria analysis" (M. Munasinghe) to policymakers as
an alternative instrument when progress toward multiple objectives cannot be measured by a single criterion, monetary value (Serageldin and Steer 1994). This was precisely the ecodevelopment objective, as carried through by an array of case studies. A
shift may be observed as the economic criterion moved away from self-reliance towards
efficiency: a tribute to globalization. A framework for improving the management of
water resources, based on international examples, is offered on World Bank policy
grounds (Serageldin 1995).
From the perspective of human ecology, a holistic view and a holistic approach are
necessary to deal not only with natural resource use, but also with the users in society
(Folke ~nd Jansson 1992). Such a socioenvironmental perspective crosses the boundaries of various academic disciplines. It involves and combines disciplines adhering to
the natural, the social and the planning and management sciences. Such an "integrative approach" is perceived in this program as the scientific prerequisite and basis for
coastal management which, in a multifaceted way, deals with people (users, stakeholders) and their natural environments. Human ecology addresses the social component
in addition to ecological considerations: its explicit subject is the interface between
society and the environment. This implies that, in addition to technical problems, the
applied life sciences deal with successfully when it comes to, say, production or output
increases, other issues are at least equally important.
19.2
Multiple Use and Conflicts
Coastal zones are highly dynamic and diverse. This stimulates the development of a
great variety of human activities (professional and recreational fisheries, mariculture,
industries, tourism, transport, energy, defense, nature conservation, etc.) and involves
a large number of stakeholders. These are those who affect and are affected by policies, decisions and actions taken in relation to the coastal environment and resources
by anyone concerned. A stakeholder could be an individual or a community, a social
group or an official institution and they are at risk because coastal management may
hazard their interests (stakes) in one or another way. In the following, competing ways
of using the coastal zone are identified (Ackefors and Grip 1995: see the following quotations).
19.2.1
Fishing
Modern fishing has an adverse impact on marine ecosystems by over-fishing and use
of certain fishing gear e.g. different bottom trawls, which have a detrimental impact
on bottom fauna (ICES 1993; Anonymous 1995). Another problem is the large amount
of fish accidentally caught and thrown overboard when target species are fished. Current fishing practices also result in incidental catches of mammalian and avian species and favour scavenging seabirds.
At the same time, fishing depends on a healthy environment, above all in spawning
and nursery areas. Commercial fishing suffers from'pollution by various sources. Ma-