356
B. Glaeser
Roughly 60% of the human population live or will live in coastal zones and use it.
In Sweden it is approximately 50% of the population that lives within a 30 km wide
coastline (Bernes and Grundsten 1991). The "coastal zone" is a concept rather than a
strictly defined area, involving visions and ideas, perceptions, values and intentions how
to use it.
One of the ainIs of this program is to increase the dialogue between the various users
of coastal zones and to enhance the conditions for a (more) sustainable coastal management. In particular, a better understanding and balance between coastal fishery,
mariculture and environmental groups are to be promoted. Other user groups, as identified in the sites selected, include tourism (among other forms, ecotourism), energy
use (wind power), offshore fishery and coast based industry and shipping.
Problems can be resolved or minimized by means of institutional arrangements,
improved planning tools, participation of the people affected, or by negotiation and
mediation devices. Management of coastal areas has to be done in an integrated way if
the different users are to be satisfied and if a sustainable approach is to be followed.
Awareness has increased nationally and internationally as to the need for an integrated
coastal management, for socioeconomic as for environmental reasons. At the local,
regional and national levels the complex range of activities necessary to arrive at compromising vested interests need to be integrated. Internationally, arrangements and
regimes are needed as in the case of the Baltic Sea where institutional cooperation with
the Baltic Republics and other Baltic countries are necessary to manage the access to
areas and resources.
In order to achieve a (more) sustainable coastal development social, economic and
environmental aspects of development need to be integrated. It is essential that a broad,
if not holistic perspective is taken concerning the various user interactions. Coastal
zone development and planning has to take into account
• the sociocult,ural equity and acceptability,
• the economic feasibility, and
• the environmental compatibility of integrated development and planning measures.
Need orientation, including participation, economic self-reliance and environmental
compatibility have long since been basic elements of the ecodevelopment concept as it
was first propagated and supported by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE I)
1972 in Stockholm. These elements are embedded in the sectors of society and culture,
economy and ecology within the human ecological or politico-ecological concept. They
were originally applied to rural development, specifically to the ecofarming technology (Glaeser 1984,1995).
More recently, and specifically after the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the above mentioned elements
appeared again under the heading of a "triangular framework". The World Bank, more
precisely its Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) vice presidency, defined
the idea of ESD by a triangular framework that is composed of the economic, the environmental and the social elements. The economic includes sustainable growth and
capital efficiency. The social component deals with equity, social mobility, participation and empowerment. The ecological element comprises ecosystem integrity, natu-
B. Glaeser
Roughly 60% of the human population live or will live in coastal zones and use it.
In Sweden it is approximately 50% of the population that lives within a 30 km wide
coastline (Bernes and Grundsten 1991). The "coastal zone" is a concept rather than a
strictly defined area, involving visions and ideas, perceptions, values and intentions how
to use it.
One of the ainIs of this program is to increase the dialogue between the various users
of coastal zones and to enhance the conditions for a (more) sustainable coastal management. In particular, a better understanding and balance between coastal fishery,
mariculture and environmental groups are to be promoted. Other user groups, as identified in the sites selected, include tourism (among other forms, ecotourism), energy
use (wind power), offshore fishery and coast based industry and shipping.
Problems can be resolved or minimized by means of institutional arrangements,
improved planning tools, participation of the people affected, or by negotiation and
mediation devices. Management of coastal areas has to be done in an integrated way if
the different users are to be satisfied and if a sustainable approach is to be followed.
Awareness has increased nationally and internationally as to the need for an integrated
coastal management, for socioeconomic as for environmental reasons. At the local,
regional and national levels the complex range of activities necessary to arrive at compromising vested interests need to be integrated. Internationally, arrangements and
regimes are needed as in the case of the Baltic Sea where institutional cooperation with
the Baltic Republics and other Baltic countries are necessary to manage the access to
areas and resources.
In order to achieve a (more) sustainable coastal development social, economic and
environmental aspects of development need to be integrated. It is essential that a broad,
if not holistic perspective is taken concerning the various user interactions. Coastal
zone development and planning has to take into account
• the sociocult,ural equity and acceptability,
• the economic feasibility, and
• the environmental compatibility of integrated development and planning measures.
Need orientation, including participation, economic self-reliance and environmental
compatibility have long since been basic elements of the ecodevelopment concept as it
was first propagated and supported by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE I)
1972 in Stockholm. These elements are embedded in the sectors of society and culture,
economy and ecology within the human ecological or politico-ecological concept. They
were originally applied to rural development, specifically to the ecofarming technology (Glaeser 1984,1995).
More recently, and specifically after the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the above mentioned elements
appeared again under the heading of a "triangular framework". The World Bank, more
precisely its Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD) vice presidency, defined
the idea of ESD by a triangular framework that is composed of the economic, the environmental and the social elements. The economic includes sustainable growth and
capital efficiency. The social component deals with equity, social mobility, participation and empowerment. The ecological element comprises ecosystem integrity, natu-