18
R.K. Turner· B.T. Bower
• Lake Superior: Analysis by Cohen et al. (1995) showed that about 90% of several
pollutants of concern, are being brought into the lake from outside the drainage basin
by atmospheric transport.
• Bay of Sengal, Jakarta Bay: Both water bodies are stressed significantly by pollutant
materials from agricultural and forest areas upstream.
• Perhaps the epitome of effects on a coastal zone from activities outside the coastal
zone is represented by the Gulf of California. Since about 1950, essentially no water
from the Colorado river has reached the Gulf of California. What little water which
is in the river from return irrigation flows after the last diversion in Mexico, simply
evaporates in this desert country.
The objective of coastal zone management is to produce over time a "socially
de,irable" mix of coastal zone products and services. This mix is likely to change over
time with changing demands, changing knowledge and changing pressures. Fulfilment
of this objective will require the mitigation of current market and intervention failures; continuous monitoring of performance and of coastal zone conditions; and application of research findings over time. The desired social mix can be most effectively
and efficiently provided by an integrated approach to coastal zone management. The
analysis required for ICZM performs an overall resource management auditing role;
it forces decision makers to ask relevant questions relating to coastal ecosystems and
processes, coastal zone pressure trends, trade offs, environmental impacts and various aspects of response strategies, including sources of finance and human/institutional
capital resource potential. In macro-policy terms, ICZM can be seen as a component
of sustainable resource management within a regional/national economic development
strategy.
1.3
The Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (lCZM)
What does "integrated" in ICZM mean? Our experience suggests that, at a minimum,
integrated coastal zone management should include:
• integration of programmes and plans for economic development, environmental
quality management, and ICZM;
• integration of ICZM with programmes for such sectors as fisheries, energy, transportation, water resources management, disposal of wastes, tourism, and natural
hazards management;
• integration of responsibilities for various tasks of ICZM among the levels of government -local, state/provincial, regional, national, international- and between the
public and private sectors;
• integration of all stakeholders in all aspects of the management process;
• integration of all elements of management, from planning and design, through implementation, i.e. construction and installation, operation and maintenance, monitoring and feedback, evaluation over time;
• integration among disciplines, e.g. ecology, geomorphology, marine biology, economics, engineering, political science, law; and
• integration of the management resources of the agencies and entities involved.
R.K. Turner· B.T. Bower
• Lake Superior: Analysis by Cohen et al. (1995) showed that about 90% of several
pollutants of concern, are being brought into the lake from outside the drainage basin
by atmospheric transport.
• Bay of Sengal, Jakarta Bay: Both water bodies are stressed significantly by pollutant
materials from agricultural and forest areas upstream.
• Perhaps the epitome of effects on a coastal zone from activities outside the coastal
zone is represented by the Gulf of California. Since about 1950, essentially no water
from the Colorado river has reached the Gulf of California. What little water which
is in the river from return irrigation flows after the last diversion in Mexico, simply
evaporates in this desert country.
The objective of coastal zone management is to produce over time a "socially
de,irable" mix of coastal zone products and services. This mix is likely to change over
time with changing demands, changing knowledge and changing pressures. Fulfilment
of this objective will require the mitigation of current market and intervention failures; continuous monitoring of performance and of coastal zone conditions; and application of research findings over time. The desired social mix can be most effectively
and efficiently provided by an integrated approach to coastal zone management. The
analysis required for ICZM performs an overall resource management auditing role;
it forces decision makers to ask relevant questions relating to coastal ecosystems and
processes, coastal zone pressure trends, trade offs, environmental impacts and various aspects of response strategies, including sources of finance and human/institutional
capital resource potential. In macro-policy terms, ICZM can be seen as a component
of sustainable resource management within a regional/national economic development
strategy.
1.3
The Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (lCZM)
What does "integrated" in ICZM mean? Our experience suggests that, at a minimum,
integrated coastal zone management should include:
• integration of programmes and plans for economic development, environmental
quality management, and ICZM;
• integration of ICZM with programmes for such sectors as fisheries, energy, transportation, water resources management, disposal of wastes, tourism, and natural
hazards management;
• integration of responsibilities for various tasks of ICZM among the levels of government -local, state/provincial, regional, national, international- and between the
public and private sectors;
• integration of all stakeholders in all aspects of the management process;
• integration of all elements of management, from planning and design, through implementation, i.e. construction and installation, operation and maintenance, monitoring and feedback, evaluation over time;
• integration among disciplines, e.g. ecology, geomorphology, marine biology, economics, engineering, political science, law; and
• integration of the management resources of the agencies and entities involved.