CHAPTER 1 • Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
17
Table 1.1. Market and governmental intervention failures in coastal zones (Source: Bower and
Turner 1997)
Market failures
1. Pollution externalities
a Air pollution, outside catchment
sources
b Water pollution, land-based with-in
catchment sources
c Water pollution, coastal and marine
sources
2. Public goods-type problems
a Ground-water depletion/surfacewater supply diminution
b Congestion costs, on-site
c Fisheries yield reduction
Excess levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and ammonia
contributing to eutrophication of water bodies;
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage and
agricultural sources; industrial wastewater and toxic effluent
pollution particularly from the pulp-and-paper and chemical
industrial operations, nuclear power plants and research
installations, military installations;
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from coastal sewage
outfalls; oil spills and contaminated bilge water from ships;
outside catchment pollutants transported via longshore
currents.
Over exploitation on-and-off-site of water supply;
Recreation pressure on beaches, wetlands and other
sensitive ecosystem areas;
Over exploitation due to open access, loss of habitat, water
pollution.
Intervention failures (including lack of intervention)
3. Intersectoral policy inconsistency
a Competing sector output prices
b Competing sector input prices
4. Counterproductive factors
a Inefficient policy
b Institutional failure
5. Conflicting perceptions
Agricultural price fixing and associated land requirements;
Tax breaks or outmoded tax categories on agricultural land;
or tax breaks for non-agricultural land development,
including forestry; land conversion subsidies; state farming
subsidies (historical) and other waste, wastewater and
energy subsidies.
E.g. strategies that lack a long-term structure; wastewater
and industrial effluent combined treatment practices;
general lack of enforcement of existing policy rules and
regulations;
Non-integrative agencies structure, non-existent agencies;
lack of monitoring survey and enforcement because of
capacity inadequate resources such as trained personnel,
equipment and operating funds; lack of information
dissemination; lack of public awareness and participation;
Different perceptions of a problem among stake-holders and
management officials, e.g. local inhabitants and local
governments do not consider hurricane or coastal storm
flooding a major hazard, in contrast to specialists and
state/federal/national government officials; or fishermen
who do not think overfishing is a problem when
state/federal/national agencies do.
• Chesapeake Bay: About 5 years ago, it was estimated that around 30% of the nitrogen inputs into the bay were from sources outside the bay via atmospheric transport. A recent study (Blankenship 1995), yielded an estimate of about 75%.
17
Table 1.1. Market and governmental intervention failures in coastal zones (Source: Bower and
Turner 1997)
Market failures
1. Pollution externalities
a Air pollution, outside catchment
sources
b Water pollution, land-based with-in
catchment sources
c Water pollution, coastal and marine
sources
2. Public goods-type problems
a Ground-water depletion/surfacewater supply diminution
b Congestion costs, on-site
c Fisheries yield reduction
Excess levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and ammonia
contributing to eutrophication of water bodies;
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage and
agricultural sources; industrial wastewater and toxic effluent
pollution particularly from the pulp-and-paper and chemical
industrial operations, nuclear power plants and research
installations, military installations;
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from coastal sewage
outfalls; oil spills and contaminated bilge water from ships;
outside catchment pollutants transported via longshore
currents.
Over exploitation on-and-off-site of water supply;
Recreation pressure on beaches, wetlands and other
sensitive ecosystem areas;
Over exploitation due to open access, loss of habitat, water
pollution.
Intervention failures (including lack of intervention)
3. Intersectoral policy inconsistency
a Competing sector output prices
b Competing sector input prices
4. Counterproductive factors
a Inefficient policy
b Institutional failure
5. Conflicting perceptions
Agricultural price fixing and associated land requirements;
Tax breaks or outmoded tax categories on agricultural land;
or tax breaks for non-agricultural land development,
including forestry; land conversion subsidies; state farming
subsidies (historical) and other waste, wastewater and
energy subsidies.
E.g. strategies that lack a long-term structure; wastewater
and industrial effluent combined treatment practices;
general lack of enforcement of existing policy rules and
regulations;
Non-integrative agencies structure, non-existent agencies;
lack of monitoring survey and enforcement because of
capacity inadequate resources such as trained personnel,
equipment and operating funds; lack of information
dissemination; lack of public awareness and participation;
Different perceptions of a problem among stake-holders and
management officials, e.g. local inhabitants and local
governments do not consider hurricane or coastal storm
flooding a major hazard, in contrast to specialists and
state/federal/national government officials; or fishermen
who do not think overfishing is a problem when
state/federal/national agencies do.
• Chesapeake Bay: About 5 years ago, it was estimated that around 30% of the nitrogen inputs into the bay were from sources outside the bay via atmospheric transport. A recent study (Blankenship 1995), yielded an estimate of about 75%.