CHAPTER 11 . Coastal Zone Management in India - Problems, Practice and Requirements
213
Fig. 11.1. Coastal zone problems in India (Source: Rajagopalan 1996)
11.3.2
Coastal Pollution
POPULAnON PRESSURE F==:;::===;===:r--i
OESTRUCTIONOF MANGROveS F==*===~==:J
WIISTEWATfRDISPOSAL I===*===~::::::]
INCRE/lSINGURBANISAn ON ~==*===;::::::::J
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ~==*===;::::::I
COASTAL CONSTRUCTIONS i~~i~~~1"
NATURAL DISASTERS
I MPACT OF PORTS
COASTAL EROSION
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION F==*=::::J
IMPACTOf AQUACULTURE ~==*=::::J
IMPACTOFTOURISM F==*=::l
INGRESS OF SEA WATER F==*=::::J
COASTAL MINING 1===*::::::]
IMPACTOFPOWERPLANTS 1===*::::::]
SEA·LEVEL RISE ~==*:::I
COASTAL HIGHWAYS 1===:::::~ __ L __ l __ ~
The major activities that are responsible for coastal pollution in India are discharge and
disposal of untreated domestic and industrial wastes, discharges of coolant waters, harbour
activities such as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship wastes, spilling of cargoes
such as chemicals and metal ores, oil transport, fishing activities such as mechanized fishing
vessel movement, draining of waste oil, painting of fishing vessels, inflow of fresh water
into this part of Sundarbans as a result of the construction of the Farrakka Barrage in 1971,
designed to divert fr,
between the years 1986 and 1993, 0.36 km" of mangroves in Pichavaram was lost and over
a period of 20 years 2825 km2, were lost (Ramachandran et al. 1995). Mangrove destruction in the Andaman and Nicobar islands is described by Singh et al. (1986) and Balga and
Menon (1989). About 10 000 ha have reportedly been cut since 1960, mainly for fuel. The
reports {)f Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India (1987) have shown
Table 11.2. Distribution of
State/union territory
Area (km 2 ) (1994)
mangroves along the Indian
coast (measured through re1. Andaman and Nicobar groups
966
mote sensing)
2. West Bengal (Sundarbans)
2119
3. Orissa
195
4. Andhra Pradesh
378
5. Tamil Nadu
21
6. Karnataka
n.a.
7. Goa
3
8. Maharashtra
155
9. Gujarat
419
Total
4256
213
Fig. 11.1. Coastal zone problems in India (Source: Rajagopalan 1996)
11.3.2
Coastal Pollution
POPULAnON PRESSURE F==:;::===;===:r--i
OESTRUCTIONOF MANGROveS F==*===~==:J
WIISTEWATfRDISPOSAL I===*===~::::::]
INCRE/lSINGURBANISAn ON ~==*===;::::::::J
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ~==*===;::::::I
COASTAL CONSTRUCTIONS i~~i~~~1"
NATURAL DISASTERS
I MPACT OF PORTS
COASTAL EROSION
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION F==*=::::J
IMPACTOf AQUACULTURE ~==*=::::J
IMPACTOFTOURISM F==*=::l
INGRESS OF SEA WATER F==*=::::J
COASTAL MINING 1===*::::::]
IMPACTOFPOWERPLANTS 1===*::::::]
SEA·LEVEL RISE ~==*:::I
COASTAL HIGHWAYS 1===:::::~ __ L __ l __ ~
The major activities that are responsible for coastal pollution in India are discharge and
disposal of untreated domestic and industrial wastes, discharges of coolant waters, harbour
activities such as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship wastes, spilling of cargoes
such as chemicals and metal ores, oil transport, fishing activities such as mechanized fishing
vessel movement, draining of waste oil, painting of fishing vessels, inflow of fresh water
into this part of Sundarbans as a result of the construction of the Farrakka Barrage in 1971,
designed to divert fr,
between the years 1986 and 1993, 0.36 km" of mangroves in Pichavaram was lost and over
a period of 20 years 2825 km2, were lost (Ramachandran et al. 1995). Mangrove destruction in the Andaman and Nicobar islands is described by Singh et al. (1986) and Balga and
Menon (1989). About 10 000 ha have reportedly been cut since 1960, mainly for fuel. The
reports {)f Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India (1987) have shown
Table 11.2. Distribution of
State/union territory
Area (km 2 ) (1994)
mangroves along the Indian
coast (measured through re1. Andaman and Nicobar groups
966
mote sensing)
2. West Bengal (Sundarbans)
2119
3. Orissa
195
4. Andhra Pradesh
378
5. Tamil Nadu
21
6. Karnataka
n.a.
7. Goa
3
8. Maharashtra
155
9. Gujarat
419
Total
4256