XII
Contents
13.3.4 State Initiatives and Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
13.4 Coastal Zone Management in Maldives ............................................ 243
13.4.1 Marine Resources and Exploitation ......................................... 243
13.4.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments ................... 243
13-4.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives ...................................... 245
13.5 Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka ........................................... 246
13.5.1 Coastal Marine Habitats ...................................................... 246
13.5.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments ................... 248
13.5.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives ...................................... 250
13.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................... 251
References ............................................................................... 253
Paft III Case Studies .. ...................................................................... 255
14 Tourist Development in the Costa Brava (Girona, Spain):
A Quantification of Pressures on the Coastal Environment ............... 257
14.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 257
14.2 The Development of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava .................. 258
14.3 Environmental Impacts of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava ........... 261
14.3.1 Environmental Pollution .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. 261
14.3.2 Preservation of the Natural Heritage
(Exploitation of Natural Resources) ........................................ 264
14.3.3 Preservation of the Natural Heritage
(Physical occupation of the Territory) ..................................... 270
14.4 The Management Framework ........................ , ............................... 272
14.5 Concluding Remarks: The Need of a More Integrated Approach .............. 274
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 276
References ............................................................................... 276
15 Australian Integrated Coastal Management:
A Case Study of the Great Barrier Reef .......................................... 279
15.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 279
15.2 Australia's National Coastal Zone Inquiry, 1993 ................................... 281
15.3 Commonwealth (of Australia) Coastal Policy, 1995 ............................... 282
15.4 . The Great Barrier Reef ................................................................ 283
15.5 Management of the Great Barrier Reef ............................................. 289
15.6 How Integrated is the Management of the Great Barrier Reef? ................. 293
References ............................................................................... 296
16 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Venezuela:
The Maracaibo System .............................................................. 297
16.1 Introduction ........................ ; ................................................... 297
16.2 General Description ................................................................... 300
16.3 Population Growth ..................................................................... 301
16.4 Water Diversion and Impoundment ................................................ 302
16.5 Pesticides and Industrial Wastes .................................................... 303
16.6 Fisheries ................................................................................. 303
Contents
13.3.4 State Initiatives and Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
13.4 Coastal Zone Management in Maldives ............................................ 243
13.4.1 Marine Resources and Exploitation ......................................... 243
13.4.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments ................... 243
13-4.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives ...................................... 245
13.5 Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka ........................................... 246
13.5.1 Coastal Marine Habitats ...................................................... 246
13.5.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments ................... 248
13.5.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives ...................................... 250
13.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................... 251
References ............................................................................... 253
Paft III Case Studies .. ...................................................................... 255
14 Tourist Development in the Costa Brava (Girona, Spain):
A Quantification of Pressures on the Coastal Environment ............... 257
14.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 257
14.2 The Development of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava .................. 258
14.3 Environmental Impacts of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava ........... 261
14.3.1 Environmental Pollution .......................................... . . . . . . . . . . .. 261
14.3.2 Preservation of the Natural Heritage
(Exploitation of Natural Resources) ........................................ 264
14.3.3 Preservation of the Natural Heritage
(Physical occupation of the Territory) ..................................... 270
14.4 The Management Framework ........................ , ............................... 272
14.5 Concluding Remarks: The Need of a More Integrated Approach .............. 274
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 276
References ............................................................................... 276
15 Australian Integrated Coastal Management:
A Case Study of the Great Barrier Reef .......................................... 279
15.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 279
15.2 Australia's National Coastal Zone Inquiry, 1993 ................................... 281
15.3 Commonwealth (of Australia) Coastal Policy, 1995 ............................... 282
15.4 . The Great Barrier Reef ................................................................ 283
15.5 Management of the Great Barrier Reef ............................................. 289
15.6 How Integrated is the Management of the Great Barrier Reef? ................. 293
References ............................................................................... 296
16 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Venezuela:
The Maracaibo System .............................................................. 297
16.1 Introduction ........................ ; ................................................... 297
16.2 General Description ................................................................... 300
16.3 Population Growth ..................................................................... 301
16.4 Water Diversion and Impoundment ................................................ 302
16.5 Pesticides and Industrial Wastes .................................................... 303
16.6 Fisheries ................................................................................. 303