Contents
XI
10.5 Conclusions ............................................................................. 208
References ............................................................................... 208
11 Coastal Zone Management in India -
Problems, Practice and Requirements .......................................... 211
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 211
11.2 Indian Coastal Environment ......................................................... 211
11.3 Coastal Zone Problems in India ..................................................... 212
11.3.1 Population Pressure ........................................................... 212
11.3.2 Coastal Pollution ............................................................... 213
11.3.3 Coastal Environmental Degradation ....................................... 215
11.3.4 Coastal Fisheries ............................................................... 216
Il.3.5 Coastal Erosion ................................................................. 216
11.3.6 Conflicting Uses ................................................................ 216
11.3.7 Natural Hazards ................................................................ 217
11.4 Coastal Zone Management Initiatives in India .................................... 217
1141 International Legal Instruments ............................................. 217
11.4.2 National Legal Instruments .................................................. 217
11.4.3 Coastal Regulation Zone Rule ................................................ 218
11.5 Conservation Measures ..•............................................................ 220
11.5.1 Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu) ................................................. 220
11.5.2 Gulf of Kuchch (Gujarat) ..................................................... 221
11.5.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands .............................................. 221
11.6 Fisheries Management ................................................................ 222
lI.7 Research and Development Programmes .......................................... 222
11.8 Requirements in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
11.8.1 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan ............................... 223
11.8.2 An Agency for ICZM .......................................................... 224
11.9 Conclusions .............................................................................. 224
References ............................................................................... 225
12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Indonesia ............... 227
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 227
12.2 Status of Coastal Environment ....................................................... 227
12.3 Coastal Zone Problems in Indonesia ............................................... 228
12.4 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Indonesia ............................. 229
12.5 Conclusions ............................................................................. 232
References ............................................................................... 232
13 Coastal Zone Management:
Issues and Initiatives in Small Sou.th Asian Nations ......................... 235
13.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 235
13.2 Human Activities in the Coastal Zone .............................................. 236
13.3 Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh ......................................... 237
13.3.1 Mangroves ....................................................................... 238
13.3.2 Coral Reefs and Seagrass Ecosystems ...................................... 238
13.3.3 Threats to the Coastal Environments ....................................... 239