166
7 Prospects: Methodologies of Integration
Stakeholders are all institutions, organizations and people that have a stake at the issue of
concern.
In literature you can find a variety of explanations and definitions for active participation of
stakeholders in decision-making processes such as collaborative planning, co-management
or alternative dispute resolution and many more. Here, the definition of the term collaborative governance as proposed in Agger and Löfgren (2008, p. 544) is used to define
participatory action:
A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state
stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and
deliberative and that aims to make or implement public or manage public programs or assets.
Ansell and Gash (2008) argue why this definition is appropriate in most cases. Important is
that the definition already contained six relevant criteria for the distinction between various
collaborative (participatory) approaches.
Figure 7.2 visualizes the main steps of the DAD approach. The length of the boxes indicate the time span of each step. In the DAD approach the first two steps are not that time
consuming, because the respective agency or the group of people are jointly agreeing on
the decision, for example, a law or an enactment. These steps were more or less executed
without public involvement, so that the decision is published afterwards for the first time
to a wider audience. For example, the formal procedure of a planning approval process
requires a hearing after the publication of the completed plan. Hence, only petitions and
complains can be submitted. These petitions have to be processed, that is, compiled and
assessed if and how they will be taken into account and if and how they may lead to a
revision or amendment of the original plan. Sometimes the original plan has to be rejected
(DAD step 5, Fig. 7.2).
The phases of the EDD approach are different. The largest time is allocated to the deliberation phase when – ideally – all relevant stakeholders (actively) participate in a deliberation and negotiation phase to find the best solution for the given problem or task. Either
this solution might be a compromise or something else, important is that the group tries
to approach consensus as much as possible (EDD Step 3, Fig. 7.2). The publication of the
joint decision might went smooth if all relevant stakeholders participated in the previous
steps and none of them followed a hidden agenda to jeopardize the decision afterwards.
To confine multifaceted ways of organizing and conducting a collaborative process
the following section will provide some criteria. Important to keep in mind is that each
participatory process has to be tailor made and adapted to the current context you are
working in.
7.2.2 Basic Criteria
Based on the analyses of 137 case studies Ansell and Gash (2008) developed a general model for collaborative governance (Fig. 7.3). Indication for a starting point of a
7 Prospects: Methodologies of Integration
Stakeholders are all institutions, organizations and people that have a stake at the issue of
concern.
In literature you can find a variety of explanations and definitions for active participation of
stakeholders in decision-making processes such as collaborative planning, co-management
or alternative dispute resolution and many more. Here, the definition of the term collaborative governance as proposed in Agger and Löfgren (2008, p. 544) is used to define
participatory action:
A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state
stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and
deliberative and that aims to make or implement public or manage public programs or assets.
Ansell and Gash (2008) argue why this definition is appropriate in most cases. Important is
that the definition already contained six relevant criteria for the distinction between various
collaborative (participatory) approaches.
Figure 7.2 visualizes the main steps of the DAD approach. The length of the boxes indicate the time span of each step. In the DAD approach the first two steps are not that time
consuming, because the respective agency or the group of people are jointly agreeing on
the decision, for example, a law or an enactment. These steps were more or less executed
without public involvement, so that the decision is published afterwards for the first time
to a wider audience. For example, the formal procedure of a planning approval process
requires a hearing after the publication of the completed plan. Hence, only petitions and
complains can be submitted. These petitions have to be processed, that is, compiled and
assessed if and how they will be taken into account and if and how they may lead to a
revision or amendment of the original plan. Sometimes the original plan has to be rejected
(DAD step 5, Fig. 7.2).
The phases of the EDD approach are different. The largest time is allocated to the deliberation phase when – ideally – all relevant stakeholders (actively) participate in a deliberation and negotiation phase to find the best solution for the given problem or task. Either
this solution might be a compromise or something else, important is that the group tries
to approach consensus as much as possible (EDD Step 3, Fig. 7.2). The publication of the
joint decision might went smooth if all relevant stakeholders participated in the previous
steps and none of them followed a hidden agenda to jeopardize the decision afterwards.
To confine multifaceted ways of organizing and conducting a collaborative process
the following section will provide some criteria. Important to keep in mind is that each
participatory process has to be tailor made and adapted to the current context you are
working in.
7.2.2 Basic Criteria
Based on the analyses of 137 case studies Ansell and Gash (2008) developed a general model for collaborative governance (Fig. 7.3). Indication for a starting point of a