Benthic Fauna of Lakes
195
of life cycles and identification, it is often necessary to capture emerging insects. How might
one do this? [See Mundie (1971) and Davies (1984).]
7. How might an internal seiche affect the distribution of benthic organisms?
8. Why do organisms shrink when placed into alcohol? Why do some organisms gain weight
in formalin?
9. What are the advantages to organisms of living in a benthic habitat? Disadvantages?
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Samplers (several types preferred for comparative analyses):
a. Ekman grab(s), metered lines, messenger(s):
b. Petersen grab or, preferably, a Ponar grab, metered cable and winch.
c. Coring samplers, single, e.g., Kajak-Brinkhurst type [cf., Brinkhurst (1974)], corers, e.g.,
Freshwater Institute ball-closure type.
2. Formaldehyde
3. Screening sieve boxes of two sizes, e.g., O.4-mm and 0.2-mm mesh sizes; a stacked set of
brass soil sieves works very well.
4. White enamel or plastic pans of various sizes, forceps; rhodamine B or similar fluorescent
dye and a simple long-wave ultraviolet light source (used with water when fresh samples
are being sorted; with 70 or 95% ethanol on formalin-preserved samples).
5. Organic dyes (e.g., rose bengal or eosin).
6. Sugar (sucrose); hydrometer for assaying density in the 1.12 to 1.13 g/ml range.
7. Dissecting microscopes; light sources.
8. Planimeter or electronic digitizer.
References
Allen, K.R. 1951. The Horokiwi Stream. A study of a trout population. Bull. N. Z. Mar. Dep.
Fish. 10:238 pp.
Anderson, R.O. 1959. A modified flotation technique for sorting bottom fauna samples, Limnol.
Oceanogr. 4:223-225.
Benke, A.C. 1979. A modification of the Hynes method for estimating secondary production with
particular significance for multivoltine populations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:168-171.
Benke, A.C. 1984. Secondary production in aquatic insects. pp. 289-322. In: V.H. Resh and D.M.
Rosenberg, Editors. The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. Praeger, New York.
Benke, A.C., T.c. van Arsdall, Jr., and D.M. Gillespie. 1984. Invertebrate productivity in a
subtropical blackwater river: The importance of habitat and life history. Ecol. Monogr.
54:25-63.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1974. The Benthos of Lakes. St. Martin's Press, New York. 190 pp.
Burton, W. and J.F. Flannagan. 1973. An improved Ekman-type grab. l Fish. Res. Bd. Canada
30:287-290.
Cummins, K.W. 1962. An evaluation of some techniques for the collection and analysis of
benthic samples with special emphasis on lotic waters. Amer. Midland Nat. 67:477-504.
Cushman, R.M., H.H. Shugart, Jr., S.H. Hildebrand, and J.W. Elwood. 1978. The effect of
growth curve and sampling regime on instantaneous-growth, removal-summation, and
Hynes/Hamilton estimates of aquatic insect production: A computer simulation. Limnol
Oceanogr. 23: 184-189.
Davies, 1.1. 1984. Sampling aquatic insect emergence. pp.161-227. In: J.A. Downing and
F.H. Rigler, Editors. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity.
2nd Ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
Downing, lA. 1979. Aggregation, transformation, and the design of benthos sampling programs.
l Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 36:1434-1463.
195
of life cycles and identification, it is often necessary to capture emerging insects. How might
one do this? [See Mundie (1971) and Davies (1984).]
7. How might an internal seiche affect the distribution of benthic organisms?
8. Why do organisms shrink when placed into alcohol? Why do some organisms gain weight
in formalin?
9. What are the advantages to organisms of living in a benthic habitat? Disadvantages?
Apparatus and Supplies
1. Samplers (several types preferred for comparative analyses):
a. Ekman grab(s), metered lines, messenger(s):
b. Petersen grab or, preferably, a Ponar grab, metered cable and winch.
c. Coring samplers, single, e.g., Kajak-Brinkhurst type [cf., Brinkhurst (1974)], corers, e.g.,
Freshwater Institute ball-closure type.
2. Formaldehyde
3. Screening sieve boxes of two sizes, e.g., O.4-mm and 0.2-mm mesh sizes; a stacked set of
brass soil sieves works very well.
4. White enamel or plastic pans of various sizes, forceps; rhodamine B or similar fluorescent
dye and a simple long-wave ultraviolet light source (used with water when fresh samples
are being sorted; with 70 or 95% ethanol on formalin-preserved samples).
5. Organic dyes (e.g., rose bengal or eosin).
6. Sugar (sucrose); hydrometer for assaying density in the 1.12 to 1.13 g/ml range.
7. Dissecting microscopes; light sources.
8. Planimeter or electronic digitizer.
References
Allen, K.R. 1951. The Horokiwi Stream. A study of a trout population. Bull. N. Z. Mar. Dep.
Fish. 10:238 pp.
Anderson, R.O. 1959. A modified flotation technique for sorting bottom fauna samples, Limnol.
Oceanogr. 4:223-225.
Benke, A.C. 1979. A modification of the Hynes method for estimating secondary production with
particular significance for multivoltine populations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:168-171.
Benke, A.C. 1984. Secondary production in aquatic insects. pp. 289-322. In: V.H. Resh and D.M.
Rosenberg, Editors. The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. Praeger, New York.
Benke, A.C., T.c. van Arsdall, Jr., and D.M. Gillespie. 1984. Invertebrate productivity in a
subtropical blackwater river: The importance of habitat and life history. Ecol. Monogr.
54:25-63.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1974. The Benthos of Lakes. St. Martin's Press, New York. 190 pp.
Burton, W. and J.F. Flannagan. 1973. An improved Ekman-type grab. l Fish. Res. Bd. Canada
30:287-290.
Cummins, K.W. 1962. An evaluation of some techniques for the collection and analysis of
benthic samples with special emphasis on lotic waters. Amer. Midland Nat. 67:477-504.
Cushman, R.M., H.H. Shugart, Jr., S.H. Hildebrand, and J.W. Elwood. 1978. The effect of
growth curve and sampling regime on instantaneous-growth, removal-summation, and
Hynes/Hamilton estimates of aquatic insect production: A computer simulation. Limnol
Oceanogr. 23: 184-189.
Davies, 1.1. 1984. Sampling aquatic insect emergence. pp.161-227. In: J.A. Downing and
F.H. Rigler, Editors. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity.
2nd Ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
Downing, lA. 1979. Aggregation, transformation, and the design of benthos sampling programs.
l Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 36:1434-1463.