4.3
Evolution of the Diurnal Mixed Layer and Diurnal Thermocline
Under
4.4
Large Diurnal Warming Events .....................................................................257
4.4.1
In situ data ............................................................................................257
4.4.2
4.4.3
Physics of large diurnal warming events..............................................263
4.5
Modeling Large Diurnal Warming Events.....................................................265
4.5.1
Radiative-convective mixed layer ........................................................265
4.5.2
Transition from radiative-convective to wind mixing regime..............273
4.5.3
Parameterizations for the diurnal SST range........................................276
4.5.4
Numerical models.................................................................................278
4.6
Fine Structure of the Near-Surface Layer in the Polar Seas ..........................281
5.
SPATIALLY-VARYING AND COHERENT
STRUCTURES ..........................................................................285
5.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................285
5.2
Self-Organization in Two-Dimensional Turbulence......................................287
5.3
Horizontal Mixing as a Nonlinear Diffusion Process ....................................295
5.3.1
Horizontal wave number statistics .......................................................295
5.3.2
Nonlinear advection-diffusion model...................................................297
5.3.3
Buoyancy flux through the bottom of the mixed layer ........................298
5.3.4
Atmospheric buoyancy forcing ............................................................301
5.3.5
Equilibrium subrange ...........................................................................302
5.3.6
Numerical diagnostics of nonlinear diffusion equation .......................304
5.3.7
Relationship between vertical and horizontal mixing and
atmospheric forcing conditions ............................................................308
5.3.8
Implications for horizontal mixing parameterization...........................309
5.4
Sharp Frontal Interfaces .................................................................................312
5.4.1
Observations of sharp frontal interfaces in the western Pacific
warm pool.............................................................................................314
5.4.2
Statistics of sharp frontal interfaces in the western Pacific warm
pool.......................................................................................................327
5.4.3
Internal wave-shear flow interaction as a cause of repeating
frontal interfaces...................................................................................331
5.4.4
Interaction of sharp fronts with wind stress .........................................335
5.4.5
Parameterization for cross-frontal exchange ........................................344
4.2
Surface-Intensified Jets ..................................................................................235
4.2.1
Slippery Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean Arising Due to
Diurnal Warming..................................................................................235
4.2.2
Self-regulating state of the diurnal thermocline ...................................238
4.2.3
Upper velocity limit for the diurnal jet.................................................245
4.2.4
Upper velocity limit for the rain-formed jet.........................................246
viii
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Global distribution of large diurnal warming events............................259
Low Wind Speed Conditions ............................................................246
Evolution of the Diurnal Mixed Layer and Diurnal Thermocline
Under
4.4
Large Diurnal Warming Events .....................................................................257
4.4.1
In situ data ............................................................................................257
4.4.2
4.4.3
Physics of large diurnal warming events..............................................263
4.5
Modeling Large Diurnal Warming Events.....................................................265
4.5.1
Radiative-convective mixed layer ........................................................265
4.5.2
Transition from radiative-convective to wind mixing regime..............273
4.5.3
Parameterizations for the diurnal SST range........................................276
4.5.4
Numerical models.................................................................................278
4.6
Fine Structure of the Near-Surface Layer in the Polar Seas ..........................281
5.
SPATIALLY-VARYING AND COHERENT
STRUCTURES ..........................................................................285
5.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................285
5.2
Self-Organization in Two-Dimensional Turbulence......................................287
5.3
Horizontal Mixing as a Nonlinear Diffusion Process ....................................295
5.3.1
Horizontal wave number statistics .......................................................295
5.3.2
Nonlinear advection-diffusion model...................................................297
5.3.3
Buoyancy flux through the bottom of the mixed layer ........................298
5.3.4
Atmospheric buoyancy forcing ............................................................301
5.3.5
Equilibrium subrange ...........................................................................302
5.3.6
Numerical diagnostics of nonlinear diffusion equation .......................304
5.3.7
Relationship between vertical and horizontal mixing and
atmospheric forcing conditions ............................................................308
5.3.8
Implications for horizontal mixing parameterization...........................309
5.4
Sharp Frontal Interfaces .................................................................................312
5.4.1
Observations of sharp frontal interfaces in the western Pacific
warm pool.............................................................................................314
5.4.2
Statistics of sharp frontal interfaces in the western Pacific warm
pool.......................................................................................................327
5.4.3
Internal wave-shear flow interaction as a cause of repeating
frontal interfaces...................................................................................331
5.4.4
Interaction of sharp fronts with wind stress .........................................335
5.4.5
Parameterization for cross-frontal exchange ........................................344
4.2
Surface-Intensified Jets ..................................................................................235
4.2.1
Slippery Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean Arising Due to
Diurnal Warming..................................................................................235
4.2.2
Self-regulating state of the diurnal thermocline ...................................238
4.2.3
Upper velocity limit for the diurnal jet.................................................245
4.2.4
Upper velocity limit for the rain-formed jet.........................................246
viii
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
Global distribution of large diurnal warming events............................259
Low Wind Speed Conditions ............................................................246