3.1.1
Wave-following coordinate system......................................................144
3.1.2
Wall layer analogy................................................................................145
3.1.3
Deviations from the wall layer analogy in a free-surface layer ...........147
3.2
Observation of Near-Surface Turbulence ......................................................151
3.2.1
Observational challenges......................................................................151
3.2.2
Wave-following versus fixed coordinate system .................................153
3.2.3
Disturbances from surface-waves ........................................................153
3.2.4
3.2.5
A near-surface turbulence and microstructure sensor system ..............159
3.3
Wave-Enhanced Turbulence ..........................................................................173
3.3.1
Dimensional analysis............................................................................173
3.3.2
Craig and Banner (1994) model of wave-enhanced turbulence ...........175
3.3.3
Benilov and Ly (2002) wave-turbulent model .....................................187
3.3.4
Concluding remarks on wave-enhanced turbulence.............................195
3.4
Effects of Thermohaline Stratification...........................................................198
3.4.1
Formulation of the Monin-Oboukhov theory for the upper ocean.......198
3.4.2
Asymptotic regimes..............................................................................201
3.4.3
Boundary layer scaling of the velocity and dissipation
3.5
Parameterization of Turbulent Mixing...........................................................208
3.5.1
Parameterization of wave-enhanced mixing coefficient ......................208
3.5.2
Richardson-number type mixing parameterization ..............................209
3.5.3
Rotation effects.....................................................................................215
3.5.4
Boundary-layer horizontal pressure gradients......................................216
4.
4.1
Near-Surface Thermohaline Structures..........................................................220
4.1.1
Diurnal mixed layer and diurnal thermocline.......................................220
4.1.2
4.1.3
Wave-like disturbances in the diurnal thermocline ..............................224
4.1.4
Rain-formed mixed layer and halocline ...............................................226
4.1.5
Low salinity patches due to convective rains.......................................227
4.1.6
Combined effect of diurnal and freshwater cycles on the
3.
3.1
Free-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer .......................................................144
CONTENTS
vii
3.1.4
Structure of the upper ocean turbulent boundary layer
below breaking surface waves..............................................................149
layer of the ocean.................................................................................155
Dynamics of a free-rising instrument in the near-surface
rate profile ............................................................................................203
NEAR-SURFACE TURBULENCE..........................................143
222
Examples of near-surface structures associated with diurnal cycle .....
FINE STRUCTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE ................219
upper ocean structure........................................................................... 231
Wave-following coordinate system......................................................144
3.1.2
Wall layer analogy................................................................................145
3.1.3
Deviations from the wall layer analogy in a free-surface layer ...........147
3.2
Observation of Near-Surface Turbulence ......................................................151
3.2.1
Observational challenges......................................................................151
3.2.2
Wave-following versus fixed coordinate system .................................153
3.2.3
Disturbances from surface-waves ........................................................153
3.2.4
3.2.5
A near-surface turbulence and microstructure sensor system ..............159
3.3
Wave-Enhanced Turbulence ..........................................................................173
3.3.1
Dimensional analysis............................................................................173
3.3.2
Craig and Banner (1994) model of wave-enhanced turbulence ...........175
3.3.3
Benilov and Ly (2002) wave-turbulent model .....................................187
3.3.4
Concluding remarks on wave-enhanced turbulence.............................195
3.4
Effects of Thermohaline Stratification...........................................................198
3.4.1
Formulation of the Monin-Oboukhov theory for the upper ocean.......198
3.4.2
Asymptotic regimes..............................................................................201
3.4.3
Boundary layer scaling of the velocity and dissipation
3.5
Parameterization of Turbulent Mixing...........................................................208
3.5.1
Parameterization of wave-enhanced mixing coefficient ......................208
3.5.2
Richardson-number type mixing parameterization ..............................209
3.5.3
Rotation effects.....................................................................................215
3.5.4
Boundary-layer horizontal pressure gradients......................................216
4.
4.1
Near-Surface Thermohaline Structures..........................................................220
4.1.1
Diurnal mixed layer and diurnal thermocline.......................................220
4.1.2
4.1.3
Wave-like disturbances in the diurnal thermocline ..............................224
4.1.4
Rain-formed mixed layer and halocline ...............................................226
4.1.5
Low salinity patches due to convective rains.......................................227
4.1.6
Combined effect of diurnal and freshwater cycles on the
3.
3.1
Free-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer .......................................................144
CONTENTS
vii
3.1.4
Structure of the upper ocean turbulent boundary layer
below breaking surface waves..............................................................149
layer of the ocean.................................................................................155
Dynamics of a free-rising instrument in the near-surface
rate profile ............................................................................................203
NEAR-SURFACE TURBULENCE..........................................143
222
Examples of near-surface structures associated with diurnal cycle .....
FINE STRUCTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE ................219
upper ocean structure........................................................................... 231