1.7.1
Ekman boundary layer............................................................................55
1.7.2
Monin-Oboukhov similarity theory........................................................59
1.7.3
Surface mixed layer................................................................................62
1.7.4
Barrier layer............................................................................................63
2.
SEA SURFACE MICROLAYER ..............................................67
2.1
Phenomenology................................................................................................70
2.1.1
Viscous sublayer.....................................................................................70
2.1.2
Thermal sublayer (cool skin)..................................................................71
2.1.3
Diffusion sublayer ..................................................................................73
2.1.4
Sea surface microlayer ecosystem..........................................................74
2.1.5
Surfactants and surface films .................................................................75
2.2
Physics of Aqueous Molecular Sublayers........................................................76
2.2.1
Convective and shear instability.............................................................76
2.2.2
Microscale wave breaking......................................................................81
2.2.3
Wave breaking and whitecapping ..........................................................82
2.2.4
Capillary wave effects ............................................................................83
2.2.5
Chemical and photochemical reactions in the sea surface microlayer 85
2.2.6
Biological and anthropogenic influences ...............................................85
2.2.7
Effects of surface films...........................................................................86
2.3
Modeling Molecular Sublayers during Nighttime Conditions.........................88
2.3.1
Dimensional analysis..............................................................................88
2.3.2
Renewal model .......................................................................................91
2.3.3
Boundary-layer model..........................................................................104
2.4
Effect of Penetrating Solar Radiation ............................................................106
2.4.1
Model equations ...................................................................................106
2.4.2
Renewal time........................................................................................111
2.4.3
Convective instability of the cool skin during daytime........................111
2.4.4
Model calculations ...............................................................................113
2.4.5
Comparison with cool-skin field data ..................................................116
2.5
Cool and Freshwater Skin of the Ocean during Rainfall ...............................119
2.5.1
Effects of rain on the cool skin.............................................................121
2.5.2
Freshwater skin of the ocean ................................................................124
2.5.3
Surface renewals due to rain mixing ....................................................126
2.5.4
Buoyancy effects in molecular sublayer due to rain ............................130
2.5.5
Rain effects on sea surface roughness..................................................131
2.5.6
Flux of kinetic energy carried by rain ..................................................134
2.5.7
Combined effect ...................................................................................136
2.5.8
Comparison with data...........................................................................138
2.5.9
Discussion ............................................................................................140
vi
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
....
Ekman boundary layer............................................................................55
1.7.2
Monin-Oboukhov similarity theory........................................................59
1.7.3
Surface mixed layer................................................................................62
1.7.4
Barrier layer............................................................................................63
2.
SEA SURFACE MICROLAYER ..............................................67
2.1
Phenomenology................................................................................................70
2.1.1
Viscous sublayer.....................................................................................70
2.1.2
Thermal sublayer (cool skin)..................................................................71
2.1.3
Diffusion sublayer ..................................................................................73
2.1.4
Sea surface microlayer ecosystem..........................................................74
2.1.5
Surfactants and surface films .................................................................75
2.2
Physics of Aqueous Molecular Sublayers........................................................76
2.2.1
Convective and shear instability.............................................................76
2.2.2
Microscale wave breaking......................................................................81
2.2.3
Wave breaking and whitecapping ..........................................................82
2.2.4
Capillary wave effects ............................................................................83
2.2.5
Chemical and photochemical reactions in the sea surface microlayer 85
2.2.6
Biological and anthropogenic influences ...............................................85
2.2.7
Effects of surface films...........................................................................86
2.3
Modeling Molecular Sublayers during Nighttime Conditions.........................88
2.3.1
Dimensional analysis..............................................................................88
2.3.2
Renewal model .......................................................................................91
2.3.3
Boundary-layer model..........................................................................104
2.4
Effect of Penetrating Solar Radiation ............................................................106
2.4.1
Model equations ...................................................................................106
2.4.2
Renewal time........................................................................................111
2.4.3
Convective instability of the cool skin during daytime........................111
2.4.4
Model calculations ...............................................................................113
2.4.5
Comparison with cool-skin field data ..................................................116
2.5
Cool and Freshwater Skin of the Ocean during Rainfall ...............................119
2.5.1
Effects of rain on the cool skin.............................................................121
2.5.2
Freshwater skin of the ocean ................................................................124
2.5.3
Surface renewals due to rain mixing ....................................................126
2.5.4
Buoyancy effects in molecular sublayer due to rain ............................130
2.5.5
Rain effects on sea surface roughness..................................................131
2.5.6
Flux of kinetic energy carried by rain ..................................................134
2.5.7
Combined effect ...................................................................................136
2.5.8
Comparison with data...........................................................................138
2.5.9
Discussion ............................................................................................140
vi
THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE OCEAN
....