Contents
Preface
xi
Acknowledgements
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
The Ocean Near-Surface Layer in the Ocean-Atmosphere System...................1
1.2
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Useful Approximations ....................4
1.2.1
Mathematical notation and governing equations......................................4
1.2.2
Boundary-layer approximation.................................................................6
1.2.3
Low Rossby number approximation ........................................................8
1.2.4
Turbulence and turbulent kinetic energy budget......................................8
1.3
Boundary Conditions .......................................................................................11
1.3.1
Types of surface boundary conditions....................................................11
1.3.2
Bulk-flux formulation.............................................................................13
1.3.3
Long-wave radiation...............................................................................19
1.4
Solar Radiation.................................................................................................20
1.4.1
Definitions ..............................................................................................20
1.4.2
Solar constant and insolation..................................................................21
1.4.3
Insolation under clear skies ....................................................................23
1.4.4
Insolation under cloudy skies .................................................................24
1.4.5
Albedo of the sea surface .......................................................................26
1.4.6
Attenuation of solar radiation in the ocean ............................................30
1.5
Rain Forcing.....................................................................................................34
1.5.1
Dynamics of rain drops at the air-sea interface......................................34
1.5.2
Surface flux of freshwater due to rain ....................................................35
1.5.3
Volume source of freshwater due to rain ...............................................37
1.5.4
Rain-induced heat flux ...........................................................................40
1.5.5
Surface stress due to rain........................................................................40
1.6
Surface Waves..................................................................................................41
1.6.1
Potential approximation .........................................................................41
1.6.2
Linear waves...........................................................................................44
1.6.3
Nonlinear waves .....................................................................................45
1.6.4
Wave breaking........................................................................................47
1.6.5
Statistical description of surface waves..................................................50
1.6.6
Kinetic energy flux to waves from wind ................................................52
1.7
Planetary Boundary Layers ..............................................................................54
xv v v v v
Preface
xi
Acknowledgements
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
The Ocean Near-Surface Layer in the Ocean-Atmosphere System...................1
1.2
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Useful Approximations ....................4
1.2.1
Mathematical notation and governing equations......................................4
1.2.2
Boundary-layer approximation.................................................................6
1.2.3
Low Rossby number approximation ........................................................8
1.2.4
Turbulence and turbulent kinetic energy budget......................................8
1.3
Boundary Conditions .......................................................................................11
1.3.1
Types of surface boundary conditions....................................................11
1.3.2
Bulk-flux formulation.............................................................................13
1.3.3
Long-wave radiation...............................................................................19
1.4
Solar Radiation.................................................................................................20
1.4.1
Definitions ..............................................................................................20
1.4.2
Solar constant and insolation..................................................................21
1.4.3
Insolation under clear skies ....................................................................23
1.4.4
Insolation under cloudy skies .................................................................24
1.4.5
Albedo of the sea surface .......................................................................26
1.4.6
Attenuation of solar radiation in the ocean ............................................30
1.5
Rain Forcing.....................................................................................................34
1.5.1
Dynamics of rain drops at the air-sea interface......................................34
1.5.2
Surface flux of freshwater due to rain ....................................................35
1.5.3
Volume source of freshwater due to rain ...............................................37
1.5.4
Rain-induced heat flux ...........................................................................40
1.5.5
Surface stress due to rain........................................................................40
1.6
Surface Waves..................................................................................................41
1.6.1
Potential approximation .........................................................................41
1.6.2
Linear waves...........................................................................................44
1.6.3
Nonlinear waves .....................................................................................45
1.6.4
Wave breaking........................................................................................47
1.6.5
Statistical description of surface waves..................................................50
1.6.6
Kinetic energy flux to waves from wind ................................................52
1.7
Planetary Boundary Layers ..............................................................................54
xv v v v v