5.6.1
Phenomenology of ramp-like coherent structures................................355
5.6.2
Observation of ramp-like coherent structures with bow-mounted
sensors ..................................................................................................356
5.6.3
Skewness of temperature derivative.....................................................359
5.6.4
Vertical profiles....................................................................................362
5.6.5
Townsend’s hypothesis and ramp-like structures ................................365
5.6.6
Vorticity waves in shear flows .............................................................368
5.7
Langmuir Circulations ...................................................................................370
5.7.1
Phenomenology ....................................................................................370
5.7.2
Concepts and theories...........................................................................374
5.7.3
Numerical models of Langmuir circulations........................................381
5.8
Convection .....................................................................................................385
5.8.1
Phenomenology ....................................................................................386
5.8.2
Penetrative convection .........................................................................390
5.8.3
Diurnal and seasonal cycle of convection ............................................390
5.9
Conclusions ....................................................................................................393
6.
HIGH WIND SPEED REGIME ..............................................395
6.1
Air Bubbles in the Near-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer ........................396
6.1.1
Active and passive phases in bubble life..............................................396
6.1.2
Bubble rise velocity..............................................................................397
6.1.3
Bubble size distribution function .........................................................400
6.1.4
Bubble dispersion and diffusion...........................................................406
6.1.5
Buoyancy effects in bubble plumes......................................................408
6.2
Sea Spray and Marine Aerosol Production ....................................................410
6.2.1
Introduction ..........................................................................................410
6.2.2
Mechanisms of sea spray production ...................................................411
6.2.3
Sea spray generation function ..............................................................416
6.2.4
Primary aerosol number distributions ..................................................419
6.2.5
Marine aerosol generation function......................................................421
6.3
Air-Sea Exchange During High Wind Speeds ...............................................424
6.3.1
Effect of spray on air-sea exchanges....................................................424
6.3.2
Dynamics of suspension flow...............................................................429
6.3.3
Drag coefficient in very strong winds ..................................................435
5.4.6
Implications for the T-S relationship in the mixed layer......................345
5.4.7
Observations of sharp frontal interfaces in mid- and highlatitudes ................................................................................................ 346
5.5
Internal Waves in the Near-Surface Pycnocline ............................................346
5.5.1
Large amplitude internal waves ...........................................................346
5.5.2
Surface-internal waves resonant interactions .......................................351
5.5.3
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of a sheared stratified flow ....................352
5.6
Ramp-Like Structures ....................................................................................354
CONTENTS
ix
Phenomenology of ramp-like coherent structures................................355
5.6.2
Observation of ramp-like coherent structures with bow-mounted
sensors ..................................................................................................356
5.6.3
Skewness of temperature derivative.....................................................359
5.6.4
Vertical profiles....................................................................................362
5.6.5
Townsend’s hypothesis and ramp-like structures ................................365
5.6.6
Vorticity waves in shear flows .............................................................368
5.7
Langmuir Circulations ...................................................................................370
5.7.1
Phenomenology ....................................................................................370
5.7.2
Concepts and theories...........................................................................374
5.7.3
Numerical models of Langmuir circulations........................................381
5.8
Convection .....................................................................................................385
5.8.1
Phenomenology ....................................................................................386
5.8.2
Penetrative convection .........................................................................390
5.8.3
Diurnal and seasonal cycle of convection ............................................390
5.9
Conclusions ....................................................................................................393
6.
HIGH WIND SPEED REGIME ..............................................395
6.1
Air Bubbles in the Near-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer ........................396
6.1.1
Active and passive phases in bubble life..............................................396
6.1.2
Bubble rise velocity..............................................................................397
6.1.3
Bubble size distribution function .........................................................400
6.1.4
Bubble dispersion and diffusion...........................................................406
6.1.5
Buoyancy effects in bubble plumes......................................................408
6.2
Sea Spray and Marine Aerosol Production ....................................................410
6.2.1
Introduction ..........................................................................................410
6.2.2
Mechanisms of sea spray production ...................................................411
6.2.3
Sea spray generation function ..............................................................416
6.2.4
Primary aerosol number distributions ..................................................419
6.2.5
Marine aerosol generation function......................................................421
6.3
Air-Sea Exchange During High Wind Speeds ...............................................424
6.3.1
Effect of spray on air-sea exchanges....................................................424
6.3.2
Dynamics of suspension flow...............................................................429
6.3.3
Drag coefficient in very strong winds ..................................................435
5.4.6
Implications for the T-S relationship in the mixed layer......................345
5.4.7
Observations of sharp frontal interfaces in mid- and highlatitudes ................................................................................................ 346
5.5
Internal Waves in the Near-Surface Pycnocline ............................................346
5.5.1
Large amplitude internal waves ...........................................................346
5.5.2
Surface-internal waves resonant interactions .......................................351
5.5.3
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of a sheared stratified flow ....................352
5.6
Ramp-Like Structures ....................................................................................354
CONTENTS
ix