136
Walter Munk
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I have lifted freely from papers by Peter Worcester, Robert Spindel, and Carl Wunsch;
we have been partners since the earliest days of ocean acoustic tomography, and without their participation none of this story would have been written. The authors (Munk,
Worcester, and Wunsch) of the 1995 book Ocean Acoustic Tomography dedicated their
volume to D. Behringer, T. Birdsall, M. Brown, B. Cornuelle, R. Heinmiller, R. Knox,
K. Metzger, J. Spiesberger, R. Spindel, and D. Webb. Additional persons cited in a
2005 review of “Acoustic remote sensing of ocean gyres” by Worcester, Munk, and
Spindel are A.B. Baggeroer, C. Clark, J. A. Colosi, D. Costa, B. D. Dushaw, M. A.
Dzieciuch, A. M. G. Forbes, C. Hill, B. M. Howe, J. Marshall, D. Menmenlis, J. A.
Mercer, and D. Stammer. David Farmer chaired the SCOR Working Group 96 from
1994 to 1998. Our research has been supported over the years by the Office of Naval
Research, with contributions from the National Science Foundation and the Defense
Advanced Research Project Agency.
FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES
We shall refer to previous summaries of the subject for references and further information.
MWW pxyz refers to page xyz of Munk, W., P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, 1995. Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Cambridge University Press, 450 pp.
MWS refers to Munk, W. H., P. F. Worcester, and R. C. Spindel, 2003. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean
Climate. Preface to Collected Papers, Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC).
WMS refers to Worcester, P. F., W. H. Munk, and R. C. Spindel, 2005. Acoustic remote sensing of ocean
gyres. Acoustics Today, in press.
1 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990’s. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London
307, 439–464.
2 Kr¨ ummel, O., 1911. Handbuch der Ozeanographie. J. Englehorn, Stuttgart: Vol. 1 526 pp, Vol. 2 764
pp.
3 Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and
General Biology. Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1087 pp.
4 Defant, A., 1961. Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, New York. Vol. 1 729 pp, Vol. 2 598 pp.
First completed in German in 1945.
5 MWW p356–8.
6 Hamilton, G. R., 1977. Time variations of sound speed over long paths in the ocean. In: International
Workshop on Low-Frequency Propagation and Noise (Woods Hole, MA, 14–19 October 1974), 7–30.
Department of the Navy, Washington, DC. See MWW p331.
7 MWW p358–9.
8 Garrett, C., and W. Munk, 1972. Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2, 225–264.
Munk, W. H., and F. Zachariasen, 1976. Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean:
Theory and observation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59(4), 818–838.
9 Flatt´ e, S. M., R. Dashen, W. Munk, K. Watson, and F. Zachariasen, 1979. Sound Transmission Through
a Fluctuating Ocean. Cambridge University Press, London.
10 Worcester, P. F., 1977. Reciprocal acoustic transmission in a midocean environment: Fluctuations.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 895-905. See MWW p360.
Walter Munk
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I have lifted freely from papers by Peter Worcester, Robert Spindel, and Carl Wunsch;
we have been partners since the earliest days of ocean acoustic tomography, and without their participation none of this story would have been written. The authors (Munk,
Worcester, and Wunsch) of the 1995 book Ocean Acoustic Tomography dedicated their
volume to D. Behringer, T. Birdsall, M. Brown, B. Cornuelle, R. Heinmiller, R. Knox,
K. Metzger, J. Spiesberger, R. Spindel, and D. Webb. Additional persons cited in a
2005 review of “Acoustic remote sensing of ocean gyres” by Worcester, Munk, and
Spindel are A.B. Baggeroer, C. Clark, J. A. Colosi, D. Costa, B. D. Dushaw, M. A.
Dzieciuch, A. M. G. Forbes, C. Hill, B. M. Howe, J. Marshall, D. Menmenlis, J. A.
Mercer, and D. Stammer. David Farmer chaired the SCOR Working Group 96 from
1994 to 1998. Our research has been supported over the years by the Office of Naval
Research, with contributions from the National Science Foundation and the Defense
Advanced Research Project Agency.
FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES
We shall refer to previous summaries of the subject for references and further information.
MWW pxyz refers to page xyz of Munk, W., P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, 1995. Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Cambridge University Press, 450 pp.
MWS refers to Munk, W. H., P. F. Worcester, and R. C. Spindel, 2003. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean
Climate. Preface to Collected Papers, Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC).
WMS refers to Worcester, P. F., W. H. Munk, and R. C. Spindel, 2005. Acoustic remote sensing of ocean
gyres. Acoustics Today, in press.
1 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990’s. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London
307, 439–464.
2 Kr¨ ummel, O., 1911. Handbuch der Ozeanographie. J. Englehorn, Stuttgart: Vol. 1 526 pp, Vol. 2 764
pp.
3 Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and
General Biology. Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1087 pp.
4 Defant, A., 1961. Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, New York. Vol. 1 729 pp, Vol. 2 598 pp.
First completed in German in 1945.
5 MWW p356–8.
6 Hamilton, G. R., 1977. Time variations of sound speed over long paths in the ocean. In: International
Workshop on Low-Frequency Propagation and Noise (Woods Hole, MA, 14–19 October 1974), 7–30.
Department of the Navy, Washington, DC. See MWW p331.
7 MWW p358–9.
8 Garrett, C., and W. Munk, 1972. Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2, 225–264.
Munk, W. H., and F. Zachariasen, 1976. Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean:
Theory and observation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59(4), 818–838.
9 Flatt´ e, S. M., R. Dashen, W. Munk, K. Watson, and F. Zachariasen, 1979. Sound Transmission Through
a Fluctuating Ocean. Cambridge University Press, London.
10 Worcester, P. F., 1977. Reciprocal acoustic transmission in a midocean environment: Fluctuations.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 895-905. See MWW p360.