Ocean Acoustic Tomography
137
11 Spiesberger, J. L., R. C. Spindel, and K. Metzger, 1980. Stability and identification of ocean acoustic
multipaths. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 2011–2017. See MWW p362.
12 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1979. Ocean acoustic tomography: A scheme for large scale monitoring.
Deep-Sea Res. 26A, 123–161.
13 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Up/down resolution in ocean acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res.
29, 1415–1436. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1983. Ocean acoustic tomography: Rays and modes. Rev.
Geophys. Space Phys. 21(4), 777–793. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1985. Biases and caustics in longrange acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res. 32, 1317–1346. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1987. Bias in
acoustic travel time through an ocean with adiabatic range-dependence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid
Dyn. 39,1–24.
14 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990’s. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London
307, 439–464.
15 See footnote MWW p363.
16 See MWW p363–381.
17 Ocean Tomography Group, 1982. A demonstration of ocean acoustic tomography. Nature 299, 121–125.
See MWW p299. (Members of the Ocean Tomography Group are D. Behringer, T. Birdsall, M. Brown,
B. Cornuelle, R. Heinmiller, R. Knox, K. Metzger, W. Munk, J. Spiesberger, R. Spindel, D. Webb,
P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch.)
18 Spiesberger, J. L., T. G. Birdsall, K. Metzger, Jr., R. A. Knox, C. W. Spofford, and R. C. Spindel, 1983.
Measurements of Gulf Stream meandering and evidence of seasonal thermocline development using
long range acoustic transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1836–1846. See MWW p365.
19 Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1991. Basin–scale ocean tomography: A new tool for studying
weather and climate. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 4869–4889. Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1992. Basin–
scale ocean monitoring with acoustic thermometers. Oceanography 5, 92–98.
20 Worcester, P. F., J. F. Lynch, W. M. L. Morawitz, R. Pawlowicz, P. J. Sutton, B. D. Cornuelle, O. M.
Johannessen, W. H. Munk, W. B. Owens, R. Shuchman, and R. C. Spindel, 1993. Evolution of the
large-scale temperature field in the Greenland Sea during 1988–89 from tomographic measurements.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2211–2214. Sutton, P. J., W. M. L. Morawitz, B. D. Cornuelle, G. Masters, and
P. F. Worcester, 1994. Incorporation of acoustic normal mode data into tomographic inversions in the
Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12487–12502. See MWW p347-8. Pawlowicz, R., J. F. Lynch,
W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton, 1995. Thermal evolution of the
Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988–89. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 4727–4750. Morawitz, W. M. L., P. J. Sutton,
P. F. Worcester, B. D. Cornuelle, J. F. Lynch, and R. Pawlowicz, 1996. Three-dimensional observations
of a deep convective chimney in the Greenland Sea during winter 1988/1989. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26,
2316–2343. Sutton, P. J., W. M. L. Morawitz, P. F. Worcester, and B. D. Cornuelle, 1997. Temperature
evolution of the upper ocean in the Greenland Sea January to March 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 102,
27, 861–27,874.
21 Munk, W. H., and A. M. G. Forbes, 1989. Global ocean warming: An acoustic measure? J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 19, 1765–1778.
22 MWW p337–9, p344–5.
23 Vol. 59, No. 4, October 1994 of the J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
24 62 ATOC research papers 1992–2003 and 15 arctic tomography papers have been assembled by
P. Worcester in four volumes. The first volume has a brief chronology and a preface by W. Munk,
P. Worcester, and R. Spindel (MWS).
25 Potter, J. R., 1994. ATOC: sound policy or enviro-vandalism? Aspects of a modern media-fueled policy
issue. J. Environ. Dev. 3, 47–62. See MWW p379.
26 Dushaw, B. D., B. D. Cornuelle, P. F. Worcester, B. M. Howe, and D. S. Luther, 1995. Barotropic
and baroclinic tides in the central North Pacific Ocean determined from long-range reciprocal acoustic
transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 631–647.
27 THETIS Group, 1994. Open–ocean deep convection explored in the Mediterranean. EOS, Trans. Am.
Geophys. Union 75, 219–221. (Members of the THETIS Group are F. Schott, U. Send, G. Krahmann,
137
11 Spiesberger, J. L., R. C. Spindel, and K. Metzger, 1980. Stability and identification of ocean acoustic
multipaths. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 2011–2017. See MWW p362.
12 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1979. Ocean acoustic tomography: A scheme for large scale monitoring.
Deep-Sea Res. 26A, 123–161.
13 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Up/down resolution in ocean acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res.
29, 1415–1436. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1983. Ocean acoustic tomography: Rays and modes. Rev.
Geophys. Space Phys. 21(4), 777–793. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1985. Biases and caustics in longrange acoustic tomography. Deep-Sea Res. 32, 1317–1346. Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1987. Bias in
acoustic travel time through an ocean with adiabatic range-dependence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid
Dyn. 39,1–24.
14 Munk, W., and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the ocean in the 1990’s. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London
307, 439–464.
15 See footnote MWW p363.
16 See MWW p363–381.
17 Ocean Tomography Group, 1982. A demonstration of ocean acoustic tomography. Nature 299, 121–125.
See MWW p299. (Members of the Ocean Tomography Group are D. Behringer, T. Birdsall, M. Brown,
B. Cornuelle, R. Heinmiller, R. Knox, K. Metzger, W. Munk, J. Spiesberger, R. Spindel, D. Webb,
P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch.)
18 Spiesberger, J. L., T. G. Birdsall, K. Metzger, Jr., R. A. Knox, C. W. Spofford, and R. C. Spindel, 1983.
Measurements of Gulf Stream meandering and evidence of seasonal thermocline development using
long range acoustic transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1836–1846. See MWW p365.
19 Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1991. Basin–scale ocean tomography: A new tool for studying
weather and climate. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 4869–4889. Spiesberger, J. L., and K. Metzger, 1992. Basin–
scale ocean monitoring with acoustic thermometers. Oceanography 5, 92–98.
20 Worcester, P. F., J. F. Lynch, W. M. L. Morawitz, R. Pawlowicz, P. J. Sutton, B. D. Cornuelle, O. M.
Johannessen, W. H. Munk, W. B. Owens, R. Shuchman, and R. C. Spindel, 1993. Evolution of the
large-scale temperature field in the Greenland Sea during 1988–89 from tomographic measurements.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2211–2214. Sutton, P. J., W. M. L. Morawitz, B. D. Cornuelle, G. Masters, and
P. F. Worcester, 1994. Incorporation of acoustic normal mode data into tomographic inversions in the
Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12487–12502. See MWW p347-8. Pawlowicz, R., J. F. Lynch,
W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton, 1995. Thermal evolution of the
Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988–89. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 4727–4750. Morawitz, W. M. L., P. J. Sutton,
P. F. Worcester, B. D. Cornuelle, J. F. Lynch, and R. Pawlowicz, 1996. Three-dimensional observations
of a deep convective chimney in the Greenland Sea during winter 1988/1989. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26,
2316–2343. Sutton, P. J., W. M. L. Morawitz, P. F. Worcester, and B. D. Cornuelle, 1997. Temperature
evolution of the upper ocean in the Greenland Sea January to March 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 102,
27, 861–27,874.
21 Munk, W. H., and A. M. G. Forbes, 1989. Global ocean warming: An acoustic measure? J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 19, 1765–1778.
22 MWW p337–9, p344–5.
23 Vol. 59, No. 4, October 1994 of the J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
24 62 ATOC research papers 1992–2003 and 15 arctic tomography papers have been assembled by
P. Worcester in four volumes. The first volume has a brief chronology and a preface by W. Munk,
P. Worcester, and R. Spindel (MWS).
25 Potter, J. R., 1994. ATOC: sound policy or enviro-vandalism? Aspects of a modern media-fueled policy
issue. J. Environ. Dev. 3, 47–62. See MWW p379.
26 Dushaw, B. D., B. D. Cornuelle, P. F. Worcester, B. M. Howe, and D. S. Luther, 1995. Barotropic
and baroclinic tides in the central North Pacific Ocean determined from long-range reciprocal acoustic
transmissions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 631–647.
27 THETIS Group, 1994. Open–ocean deep convection explored in the Mediterranean. EOS, Trans. Am.
Geophys. Union 75, 219–221. (Members of the THETIS Group are F. Schott, U. Send, G. Krahmann,