98
Michael J. McPhaden
McPhaden, M. J., G. Reverdin, J. Merle, Y. du Penhoat, and A. Kartavtseff, 1984. Objective analysis of
simulated equatorial Atlantic Ocean data on seasonal time scales. Deep-Sea Res. 31, 551–569.
McPhaden, M. J., A. J.Shepherd, W. G. Large, and P. P. Niiler, 1991. A TOGA array of drifting thermistor
chains in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean: October 1989–January 1990. NOAA Data Rep. ERL
PMEL-34 (PB91-224535), 171 pp.
McPhaden, M. J., F. Bahr, Y. du Penhoat, E. Firing, S. P. Hayes, P. P. Niiler, P. L. Richardson, and J. M.
Toole, 1992. The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during
November 1989 to January 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 14,289–14,303.
McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, R. Cheney, J. R. Donguy, K. S. Gage, D. Halpern, M. Ji, P. Julian, G.
Meyers, G. T. Mitchum, P. P. Niiler, J. Picaut, R. W. Reynolds, N. Smith, and K. Takeuchi, 1998. The
Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 14,169–14,240.
Milburn, H. B., and P. D. McLain, 1986. ATLAS—A low cost satellite data telemetry mooring developed for
NOAA’s Climate Research Mission, paper presented at the Marine Data Systems International Symposium, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/Marine Technology Society, New Orleans,
LA., 30 April–2 May 1986.
Miller, L., R. E. Cheney, and B. C. Douglas, 1988. Geosat altimeter observations of Kelvin waves and the
1986–87 El Ni˜ no. Science 239, 52–54.
Moore, D. W., and S. G. H. Philander, 1977. Modeling the tropical ocean circulation. The Sea, Vol. 6,
Interscience, New York, 319–361.
Namais, J., 1969. Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific and the atmosphere during the 1960s.
Mon. Weather. Rev. 97, 173–192.
National Research Council, 1983. El Ni˜ no and the Southern Oscillation: A scientific plan. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 72 pp.
National Research Council, 1990. TOGA: A review of progress and future opportunities. National Academy
of Sciences, Washington, DC, 51 pp.
National Research Council, 1994. Ocean–atmosphere observations for short-term climate predictions.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 51 pp.
National Research Council, 1996. Learning to predict climate variations associated with El Ni˜ no and
the Southern Oscillation. Accomplishments and legacies of the TOGA Program. National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 171 pp.
Nowlin, M., Jr., W. D. Briscoe, N. Smith, M. J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J. F. Grassle,
2001. Evolution of a sustained ocean observing system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 1368–1376.
Nova University, 1978. The FGGE/INDEX/NORPAX Equatorial (FINE) Workshop. Nova University,
Dania, FL.
Nova University, 1989. U.S. TOGA Observing System Mid-Life Progress Review and Recommendations
for Continuation. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 102 pp.
Obasi, G. O. P., 1998. Editorial in World Climate News, No. 13, World Meteorological Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, p. 3.
OOSDP, 1995. Scientific design for the common module of the Global Ocean Observing System and
the Global Climate Observing System: An Ocean Observing System for Climate. Department of
Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, 265 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., 1990. El Ni˜ no, La Ni˜ na, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, San Diego,
CA, 293 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., and A. D. Seigel, 1985. Simulation of the El Ni˜ no of 1982–83. In: Coupled Ocean–
Atmosphere Models, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 40, J. C. J. Nihoul, ed., Elsevier, New York,
517–542.
Picaut, J., E. Hackert, A. J. Busalacchi, R. Murtugudde, and G. S. E. Lagerloef, 2002. Mechanisms of
the 1997–98 El Ni˜ no–La Ni˜ na, as inferred from space-based observations. J. Geophys. Res. 107(C5),
10.1029/2001JC000850.
Michael J. McPhaden
McPhaden, M. J., G. Reverdin, J. Merle, Y. du Penhoat, and A. Kartavtseff, 1984. Objective analysis of
simulated equatorial Atlantic Ocean data on seasonal time scales. Deep-Sea Res. 31, 551–569.
McPhaden, M. J., A. J.Shepherd, W. G. Large, and P. P. Niiler, 1991. A TOGA array of drifting thermistor
chains in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean: October 1989–January 1990. NOAA Data Rep. ERL
PMEL-34 (PB91-224535), 171 pp.
McPhaden, M. J., F. Bahr, Y. du Penhoat, E. Firing, S. P. Hayes, P. P. Niiler, P. L. Richardson, and J. M.
Toole, 1992. The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during
November 1989 to January 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 14,289–14,303.
McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, R. Cheney, J. R. Donguy, K. S. Gage, D. Halpern, M. Ji, P. Julian, G.
Meyers, G. T. Mitchum, P. P. Niiler, J. Picaut, R. W. Reynolds, N. Smith, and K. Takeuchi, 1998. The
Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 14,169–14,240.
Milburn, H. B., and P. D. McLain, 1986. ATLAS—A low cost satellite data telemetry mooring developed for
NOAA’s Climate Research Mission, paper presented at the Marine Data Systems International Symposium, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/Marine Technology Society, New Orleans,
LA., 30 April–2 May 1986.
Miller, L., R. E. Cheney, and B. C. Douglas, 1988. Geosat altimeter observations of Kelvin waves and the
1986–87 El Ni˜ no. Science 239, 52–54.
Moore, D. W., and S. G. H. Philander, 1977. Modeling the tropical ocean circulation. The Sea, Vol. 6,
Interscience, New York, 319–361.
Namais, J., 1969. Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific and the atmosphere during the 1960s.
Mon. Weather. Rev. 97, 173–192.
National Research Council, 1983. El Ni˜ no and the Southern Oscillation: A scientific plan. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 72 pp.
National Research Council, 1990. TOGA: A review of progress and future opportunities. National Academy
of Sciences, Washington, DC, 51 pp.
National Research Council, 1994. Ocean–atmosphere observations for short-term climate predictions.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 51 pp.
National Research Council, 1996. Learning to predict climate variations associated with El Ni˜ no and
the Southern Oscillation. Accomplishments and legacies of the TOGA Program. National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 171 pp.
Nowlin, M., Jr., W. D. Briscoe, N. Smith, M. J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J. F. Grassle,
2001. Evolution of a sustained ocean observing system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 1368–1376.
Nova University, 1978. The FGGE/INDEX/NORPAX Equatorial (FINE) Workshop. Nova University,
Dania, FL.
Nova University, 1989. U.S. TOGA Observing System Mid-Life Progress Review and Recommendations
for Continuation. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 102 pp.
Obasi, G. O. P., 1998. Editorial in World Climate News, No. 13, World Meteorological Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, p. 3.
OOSDP, 1995. Scientific design for the common module of the Global Ocean Observing System and
the Global Climate Observing System: An Ocean Observing System for Climate. Department of
Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, 265 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., 1990. El Ni˜ no, La Ni˜ na, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, San Diego,
CA, 293 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., and A. D. Seigel, 1985. Simulation of the El Ni˜ no of 1982–83. In: Coupled Ocean–
Atmosphere Models, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 40, J. C. J. Nihoul, ed., Elsevier, New York,
517–542.
Picaut, J., E. Hackert, A. J. Busalacchi, R. Murtugudde, and G. S. E. Lagerloef, 2002. Mechanisms of
the 1997–98 El Ni˜ no–La Ni˜ na, as inferred from space-based observations. J. Geophys. Res. 107(C5),
10.1029/2001JC000850.