El Ni ˜
no and Ocean Observations
99
Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface
wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni˜ no. Mon. Weather Rev. 110, 354–384.
Reverdin, G., and M. J. McPhaden, 1986. Near surface current and temperature variability observed in the
equatorial Atlantic from drifting buoys. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6569–6581.
Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, 1988. Vacillations in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci.
45, 549–566.
Servain, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, A. D. Moura, G. Reverdin, M. Vianna, and S. E. Zebiak,
1998. A Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
79, 2019–2031.
Stockdale, T. N., A.J. Busalacchi, D. E. Harrison, and R. Seager, 1998. Ocean modeling for ENSO. J.
Geophys. Res. 103, 14,325–14,355.
Taft, B. A., B. M. Hickey, C. Wunsch, and D. J. Baker, 1974. Equatorial Undercurrent and deeper flows in
the central Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 21, 403–430.
Toole, J. M., and M. D. Borges, 1984. Observations of horizontal velocities and vertical displacements
in the equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with the early stages of the 1982/83 El Ni˜ no. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 14, 948–959.
Trenberth, K. E., and G. W. Branstator, 1992. Issues in establishing causes of the 1988 drought over North
America. J. Climate 5, 159–172.
U.S. TOGA Project Office, 1988. Report of a drafting workshop on elements of a ten-year monitoring
component for El Ni˜ no and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), May 11–18, 1983, AOML, Miami,
Rep. USTOGA-1, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, 42 pp.
van Oldenborgh, G. J., S. Y. Philip, and M. Collins, 2005. EI Ni˜ no in a changing climate: a multi-model
study. Ocean Science 1, 81–95.
WCRP, 1985. Scientific plan for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Program, Tech. Doc.
WMO/TD-64, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 146 pp.
WCRP, 1991. JSC/CCCO TOGA Scientific Steering Group, Report of the Tenth Session, Gmunden,
Austria, 26–29 August 1991, Tech. Doc. WCRP-63, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, 20 pp.
Wunsch, C., and A. E. Gill, 1976. Observations of equatorially trapped waves in sea level observations.
Deep-Sea Res. 23, 371–391.
Wyrtki, K., 1975. El Ni˜ no—The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5, 572–584.
Wyrtki, K., 1985. Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Ni˜ no cycles. J. Geophys. Res.
90, 7129–7132.
Wyrtki, K., E. Firing, D. Halpern, R. Knox, G. J. McNally, W. C. Patzert, E. D. Stroup, B. A. Taft, and R.
Williams, 1981. The Hawaii–Tahiti Shuttle Experiment. Science 211, 22–28.
Zebiak, S., 1989. Oceanic heat content variability and El Ni˜ no cycles. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 475–486.
no and Ocean Observations
99
Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface
wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni˜ no. Mon. Weather Rev. 110, 354–384.
Reverdin, G., and M. J. McPhaden, 1986. Near surface current and temperature variability observed in the
equatorial Atlantic from drifting buoys. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6569–6581.
Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, 1988. Vacillations in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci.
45, 549–566.
Servain, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, A. D. Moura, G. Reverdin, M. Vianna, and S. E. Zebiak,
1998. A Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
79, 2019–2031.
Stockdale, T. N., A.J. Busalacchi, D. E. Harrison, and R. Seager, 1998. Ocean modeling for ENSO. J.
Geophys. Res. 103, 14,325–14,355.
Taft, B. A., B. M. Hickey, C. Wunsch, and D. J. Baker, 1974. Equatorial Undercurrent and deeper flows in
the central Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 21, 403–430.
Toole, J. M., and M. D. Borges, 1984. Observations of horizontal velocities and vertical displacements
in the equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with the early stages of the 1982/83 El Ni˜ no. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 14, 948–959.
Trenberth, K. E., and G. W. Branstator, 1992. Issues in establishing causes of the 1988 drought over North
America. J. Climate 5, 159–172.
U.S. TOGA Project Office, 1988. Report of a drafting workshop on elements of a ten-year monitoring
component for El Ni˜ no and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), May 11–18, 1983, AOML, Miami,
Rep. USTOGA-1, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, 42 pp.
van Oldenborgh, G. J., S. Y. Philip, and M. Collins, 2005. EI Ni˜ no in a changing climate: a multi-model
study. Ocean Science 1, 81–95.
WCRP, 1985. Scientific plan for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Program, Tech. Doc.
WMO/TD-64, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 146 pp.
WCRP, 1991. JSC/CCCO TOGA Scientific Steering Group, Report of the Tenth Session, Gmunden,
Austria, 26–29 August 1991, Tech. Doc. WCRP-63, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, 20 pp.
Wunsch, C., and A. E. Gill, 1976. Observations of equatorially trapped waves in sea level observations.
Deep-Sea Res. 23, 371–391.
Wyrtki, K., 1975. El Ni˜ no—The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5, 572–584.
Wyrtki, K., 1985. Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Ni˜ no cycles. J. Geophys. Res.
90, 7129–7132.
Wyrtki, K., E. Firing, D. Halpern, R. Knox, G. J. McNally, W. C. Patzert, E. D. Stroup, B. A. Taft, and R.
Williams, 1981. The Hawaii–Tahiti Shuttle Experiment. Science 211, 22–28.
Zebiak, S., 1989. Oceanic heat content variability and El Ni˜ no cycles. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 475–486.