El Ni ˜
no and Ocean Observations
97
Halpern, D., 1996. Visiting TOGA’s past. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 233–242.
Halpern, D., 1977. Current and temperature measurements in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent. EOS,
Trans. Am. Geophys. Soc. 58, 1155.
Halpern, D., J. R. Holbrook, H. B. Milburn, R. E. Davis, D. V. Hansen, and W. C. Patzert, 1976. Progress
report of the EQUA-1 expedition. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Soc. 57, 942.
Halpern, D., H. P. Freitag, and A. Shepherd, 1984. Applications of Argos and RAMS measurements in equatorial Pacific ocean–atmosphere interaction studies. Proceedings of Oceans’ 84, Marine Technology
Society, Washington, DC, 736–740.
Harrison, D. E., 1989. Local and remote forcing of ENSO waveguide response. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19,
691–695.
Harrison, D. E., and D. S. Luther, 1990. Surface winds from tropical Pacific islands: Climatological
statistics. J. Climate 3, 251–271.
Harrison, D. E., W. S. Kessler, and B. Giese, 1989. Hindcasts of the 1982–83 El Ni˜ no: Thermal and dynamic
variability along the ship of opportunity XBT tracks. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 397–418.
Hayes, S. P., et al., 1989. The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) plans: 1986–1988. EOS
Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 67, 442–444.
Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, 1991. TOGA TAO: A moored array for
real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72, 339–347.
Hurlburt, H. E., J. C. Kindle, and J. J. O’Brien, 1976. A numerical simulation of the onset of El Ni˜ no. J.
Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 621–631.
International TOGA Project Office, 1994. The TOGA Scientific Steering Group, Report of the 13th Session,
Boulder, CO, 29 August–1 September 1994. International TOGA Project Office, Geneva, Switzerland,
13 pp.
Kessler, W. S., 2005. The oceans. In: Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere–Ocean Climate System,
K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser, eds., Springer, Berlin, 175–222.
Knox, R., and D. Halpern, 1982. Long range Kelvin wave propagation of transport variations in Pacific
Ocean equatorial currents. J. Mar. Res. 40 (Suppl.), 329–339.
Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and P. P. Niiler, 1986. Upper ocean thermal response to strong autumnal
forcing in the Northeast Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 16, 1524–1550.
Latif, M., D. Anderson, T. Barnett, M. Cane, R. Kleeman, A. Leetmaa, J. O’Brien, A. Rosati, and E.
Schneider, 1998. A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO. J. Geophys. Res. 103,
14,375–14,394.
Leetmaa, A., and M. Ji, 1989. Operational hindcasting of the tropical Pacific. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 13,
465–490.
Madden, R. A., and P. A., Julian, 1994. Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillations—A review.
Mon. Weather Rev. 122, 814–837.
McCreary, J., 1976. Eastern tropical ocean response to changing wind systems, with application to El Ni˜ no.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 632–645.
McPhaden, M. J., 1995. The Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean array is completed. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76,
739–741.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999a. Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El Ni˜ no. Science 283, 950–954.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999b. El Ni˜ no: The child prodigy of 1997–98. Nature 398, 559–562.
McPhaden, M. J., 2004. Evolution of the 2002–03 El Ni˜ no. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85, 677–695.
McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, 1990. Moored velocity, temperature and wind measurements in the
equatorial Pacific Ocean: A review of scientific results, 1985–1990. Proceedings of the International
TOGA Scientific Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 16–20, 1990. Report WCRP-43, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 59–69.
McPhaden, M. J., and R. A. Knox, 1979. Equatorial Kelvin and inertio-gravity waves in zonal shear flow.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 263–277.
McPhaden, M. J., and B. A. Taft, 1984. Proceedings of the First International TOGA Workshop on Thermal
Sampling, Rep. USTOGA-3, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, 53 pp.
no and Ocean Observations
97
Halpern, D., 1996. Visiting TOGA’s past. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 233–242.
Halpern, D., 1977. Current and temperature measurements in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent. EOS,
Trans. Am. Geophys. Soc. 58, 1155.
Halpern, D., J. R. Holbrook, H. B. Milburn, R. E. Davis, D. V. Hansen, and W. C. Patzert, 1976. Progress
report of the EQUA-1 expedition. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Soc. 57, 942.
Halpern, D., H. P. Freitag, and A. Shepherd, 1984. Applications of Argos and RAMS measurements in equatorial Pacific ocean–atmosphere interaction studies. Proceedings of Oceans’ 84, Marine Technology
Society, Washington, DC, 736–740.
Harrison, D. E., 1989. Local and remote forcing of ENSO waveguide response. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19,
691–695.
Harrison, D. E., and D. S. Luther, 1990. Surface winds from tropical Pacific islands: Climatological
statistics. J. Climate 3, 251–271.
Harrison, D. E., W. S. Kessler, and B. Giese, 1989. Hindcasts of the 1982–83 El Ni˜ no: Thermal and dynamic
variability along the ship of opportunity XBT tracks. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 397–418.
Hayes, S. P., et al., 1989. The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) plans: 1986–1988. EOS
Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 67, 442–444.
Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, 1991. TOGA TAO: A moored array for
real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72, 339–347.
Hurlburt, H. E., J. C. Kindle, and J. J. O’Brien, 1976. A numerical simulation of the onset of El Ni˜ no. J.
Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 621–631.
International TOGA Project Office, 1994. The TOGA Scientific Steering Group, Report of the 13th Session,
Boulder, CO, 29 August–1 September 1994. International TOGA Project Office, Geneva, Switzerland,
13 pp.
Kessler, W. S., 2005. The oceans. In: Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere–Ocean Climate System,
K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser, eds., Springer, Berlin, 175–222.
Knox, R., and D. Halpern, 1982. Long range Kelvin wave propagation of transport variations in Pacific
Ocean equatorial currents. J. Mar. Res. 40 (Suppl.), 329–339.
Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and P. P. Niiler, 1986. Upper ocean thermal response to strong autumnal
forcing in the Northeast Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 16, 1524–1550.
Latif, M., D. Anderson, T. Barnett, M. Cane, R. Kleeman, A. Leetmaa, J. O’Brien, A. Rosati, and E.
Schneider, 1998. A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO. J. Geophys. Res. 103,
14,375–14,394.
Leetmaa, A., and M. Ji, 1989. Operational hindcasting of the tropical Pacific. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 13,
465–490.
Madden, R. A., and P. A., Julian, 1994. Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillations—A review.
Mon. Weather Rev. 122, 814–837.
McCreary, J., 1976. Eastern tropical ocean response to changing wind systems, with application to El Ni˜ no.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 632–645.
McPhaden, M. J., 1995. The Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean array is completed. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76,
739–741.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999a. Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El Ni˜ no. Science 283, 950–954.
McPhaden, M. J., 1999b. El Ni˜ no: The child prodigy of 1997–98. Nature 398, 559–562.
McPhaden, M. J., 2004. Evolution of the 2002–03 El Ni˜ no. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85, 677–695.
McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, 1990. Moored velocity, temperature and wind measurements in the
equatorial Pacific Ocean: A review of scientific results, 1985–1990. Proceedings of the International
TOGA Scientific Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 16–20, 1990. Report WCRP-43, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 59–69.
McPhaden, M. J., and R. A. Knox, 1979. Equatorial Kelvin and inertio-gravity waves in zonal shear flow.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 263–277.
McPhaden, M. J., and B. A. Taft, 1984. Proceedings of the First International TOGA Workshop on Thermal
Sampling, Rep. USTOGA-3, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, 53 pp.