96
Michael J. McPhaden
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Russ Davis, Paul Freitag, Markus Jochum, Bob Knox, Hugh Milburn, Dennis
Moore, and Andy Shepherd for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
Anderson, D. L. T., J. Sheinbaum, and K. Haines, 1996. Data assimilation in ocean models. Rev. Prog.
Phys. 59, 1209–1266.
Barnett, T. P., N. Graham, M. A. Cane, S. Zebiak, S.Dolan, J. J. O’Brien, and D. Legler, 1988. On the
prediction of the El Ni˜ no of 1986–87. Science 241, 192–196.
Barnston, A. G., A. Leetmaa, V. E. Kousky, R. E. Livezey, E. A. O’Lenic, H. Van den Dool, A. J. Wagner,
and D. A. Unger, 1999. NCEP forecasts of the El Ni˜ no of 1997–98 and its U.S. impacts. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 80, 1829–1852.
Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1989. Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere–ocean model: Influence
of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 1687–1712.
Bjerknes, J., 1966. A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of
ocean temperature. Tellus 18, 820–829.
Bjerknes, J., 1969a. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weather Rev. 97,
163–172.
Bjerknes, J., 1969b. Global ocean–atmosphere interactions. Proc. Symposium on Physical Variability in
the North Atlantic Ocean, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Dublin, Ireland, 25
September 1969, 538–549.
Bretherton, F. P., D. M. Burridge, J. Crease, F. W. Dobson, E. B. Kraus, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1982.
The CAGE Experiment: A feasibility study. World Climate Research Programme, Report WCP-22,
Geneva, Switzerland, 95 pp.
Bretherton, F. P., M. J. McPhaden, and E. B. Kraus, 1984. Design studies for climatological measurements
of heat storage. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14, 318–337.
Busalacchi, A. J., K. Takeuchi, and J. J. O’Brien,1983. Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific—
Revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 7551–7562.
Canby, T., 1977. The year the weather went wild. Natl. Geogr. 152, 798–830.
Cane, M. A., S. C. Dolan, and S. E. Zebiak, 1986. Experimental forecasts of the 1982/83 El Ni˜ no. Nature
321, 827–832.
Carlowicz, M., 1997. Review of TOGA finds new culture, new puzzles. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union
78, 4–5.
Changnon, S. A. 1999. Impacts of 1997–98 El Ni˜ no generated weather in the United States. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 80, 1819–1827.
Chervin, R., W. Washington, and S. Schneider, 1976. Testing the statistical significance of the response of
the NCAR general circulation model to North Pacific Ocean surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos.
Sci. 33, 413–423.
Cromwell, T., R. B. Montgomery, and E. D. Stroup, 1954. Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific revealed
by new methods. Science 119, 648–649.
Davies, A. (ed.), 1990. Forty years of progress and achievement: A historical review of the WMO. Rep.
WMO-721, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 203 pp.
Davis, R. E., 1978. Predictability of sea level pressure anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 8, 233–246.
Gill, A. E., 1982. Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 662 pp.
Glantz, M. H., 2001. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Ni˜ no and La Ni˜ na on Climate and Society.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 252 pp.
Michael J. McPhaden
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Russ Davis, Paul Freitag, Markus Jochum, Bob Knox, Hugh Milburn, Dennis
Moore, and Andy Shepherd for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
Anderson, D. L. T., J. Sheinbaum, and K. Haines, 1996. Data assimilation in ocean models. Rev. Prog.
Phys. 59, 1209–1266.
Barnett, T. P., N. Graham, M. A. Cane, S. Zebiak, S.Dolan, J. J. O’Brien, and D. Legler, 1988. On the
prediction of the El Ni˜ no of 1986–87. Science 241, 192–196.
Barnston, A. G., A. Leetmaa, V. E. Kousky, R. E. Livezey, E. A. O’Lenic, H. Van den Dool, A. J. Wagner,
and D. A. Unger, 1999. NCEP forecasts of the El Ni˜ no of 1997–98 and its U.S. impacts. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 80, 1829–1852.
Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1989. Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere–ocean model: Influence
of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 1687–1712.
Bjerknes, J., 1966. A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of
ocean temperature. Tellus 18, 820–829.
Bjerknes, J., 1969a. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weather Rev. 97,
163–172.
Bjerknes, J., 1969b. Global ocean–atmosphere interactions. Proc. Symposium on Physical Variability in
the North Atlantic Ocean, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Dublin, Ireland, 25
September 1969, 538–549.
Bretherton, F. P., D. M. Burridge, J. Crease, F. W. Dobson, E. B. Kraus, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1982.
The CAGE Experiment: A feasibility study. World Climate Research Programme, Report WCP-22,
Geneva, Switzerland, 95 pp.
Bretherton, F. P., M. J. McPhaden, and E. B. Kraus, 1984. Design studies for climatological measurements
of heat storage. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14, 318–337.
Busalacchi, A. J., K. Takeuchi, and J. J. O’Brien,1983. Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific—
Revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 7551–7562.
Canby, T., 1977. The year the weather went wild. Natl. Geogr. 152, 798–830.
Cane, M. A., S. C. Dolan, and S. E. Zebiak, 1986. Experimental forecasts of the 1982/83 El Ni˜ no. Nature
321, 827–832.
Carlowicz, M., 1997. Review of TOGA finds new culture, new puzzles. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union
78, 4–5.
Changnon, S. A. 1999. Impacts of 1997–98 El Ni˜ no generated weather in the United States. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 80, 1819–1827.
Chervin, R., W. Washington, and S. Schneider, 1976. Testing the statistical significance of the response of
the NCAR general circulation model to North Pacific Ocean surface temperature anomalies. J. Atmos.
Sci. 33, 413–423.
Cromwell, T., R. B. Montgomery, and E. D. Stroup, 1954. Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific revealed
by new methods. Science 119, 648–649.
Davies, A. (ed.), 1990. Forty years of progress and achievement: A historical review of the WMO. Rep.
WMO-721, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 203 pp.
Davis, R. E., 1978. Predictability of sea level pressure anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 8, 233–246.
Gill, A. E., 1982. Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 662 pp.
Glantz, M. H., 2001. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Ni˜ no and La Ni˜ na on Climate and Society.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 252 pp.