54
Weferetal.
Shemesh A, Macko SA, Charles CD, Rau GH (1993) Isotopic evidence for reduced productivity in the glacial Southern Ocean. Science 262: 407-410
ShemeshA, Burckle LH, Hays JD (1994) Meltwater input to the southern ocean during the last glacial
maximum. Science 266: 1542-1544
Sikes EL, Volkman JK (1993) Calibration of alkenone
unsaturation ratios (U\) for paleotemperature estimation in cold polar waters. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta 57: 1883-1889
Sikes EL, Farrington JW, Keigwin LD (1991) Use of
alkenone unsaturation ratio U\, to determine past
sea surface temperatures: core-top SST calibrations
and methodology. Earth Planet Sci Lett 104: 36-47
Smith JE, Risk MJ, Schwarcz HP, McConnaughey TD
(1997) Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic
during the Younger Dryas recorded in deep-sea corals. Nature 386: 818-820
Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (1993) Organic metabolism in
the coastal ocean. Rev Geophys 31: 75-89
Smith SV, Buddemeier RW, Redalje RC, Houck JE (1979)
Strontium-calcium thermometry in coral skeletons.
Science 204: 404
Sowers T, Bender M (1995) Climate records covering the
last deglaciation. Science 269: 210-214
Sowers TA, Bender ML, RaynaudD (1989) Elemental and
isotopic composition of occluded 0, and N, in polar
ice. J Geophys Res 94: 5137
Sowers T, Bender M, Raynaud D, Korotkevich YS,
Orchardo J (1991) The &"0 of atmospheric 0, from
air inclusions in the Vostok ice core: Timing of CO,
and ice volume changes during the penultimate
deglaciation. Paleoceanography 6: 679-696
Spero HJ, Bjima J, Lea DW, Bemis BB (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500
Spivack AJ, You C-F, Smith HJ (1993) Foraminiferal boron isotope ratios as a proxy for surface ocean pH
overthepast21 Myr. Nature 363: 149-151
Steens TNF, Ganssen G, Kroon D (1992) Oxygen and
carbon isotopes in planktonic foraminifera as indicators of upwelling and upwelling-induced high productivity in sediments from the northwestern Arabian Sea. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL, Emeis K-C
(eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution since the Early
Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Pub164, pp 107-119
Stott LD (1992) Higher temperatures and lower oceanic
pCO,: a climate enigma at the end of the Paleocene
epoch. Paleoceanography 7: 395-404
Stott LD, Tang CM (1996) Reassessment of foraminiferal
based tropical sea surface 8 18 0 paleotemperatures.
Paleoceanography 11: 37-56
Stute M, Forster M, Frischkorn H, Serejo A, Clark JF,
Schlosser P, Broecker WS, Bonani G (1995) Cooling
oftropicalBrazil (5°C) during the last glacial maximum. Science 269: 379-383
Suess E (1980) Particulate organic carbon flux in the
oceans surface productivity and oxygen utilization.
Nature288: 260-263
Sverdrup HU, Johnson NW, Fleming RH (1942)
The Oceans. Prentice Hall NJ, Engelwood Cliffs,
pp 1-1087
Taylor GH et al. (1998) Organic Petrology.
Schweitzerbart, Stuttgart, pp 1-704
Teece MA, GetliffJM, Leftley JW, Parkes RJ (1995) Microbial processes involved in the degradation and
survival of algal lipid biomarkers, 17 th International
Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain, pp 898-900
Teece MA, Getliff JM, Parkes RJ, Leftley JW,
Maxwell JR (1998) Microbial degradation of the
prymnesiophyte Emiliania huxleyi under oxic and
anoxic conditions as a model for early diagenesis:
long chain alkadienes, alkenones and alkyl
alkenoates. Org Geochem, in press
Thomas E, Booth L, Maslin M, Shackleton NJ (1995)
Northeastern Atlantic benthic foraminifera during
the last 45,000 years: Changes in productivity seen
from the bottom up. Paleoceanography 10: 545-562
Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Lin PN, Henderson KA, Cole-Dia J, Bolzan JF, Lui K-b
(1995) Late Glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice
core records from Huascaran, Peru. Science 269:
46-50
Tiedemann R, Sarnthein M, Shackleton NJ (1994) Astronomic timescale forthe Pliocene Atlantic 6 18 0 and
dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program site 659.
Paleoceanography 9: 619-638
Treguer P, Nelson DM, van Bennekom AJ, DeMaster DJ,
Leynaert A, Queguiner (1995) The silica balance in
the World Ocean: A reestimate. Science 268: 375-379
Treppke U, Lange CB, Wefer G (1996a) Vertical fluxes of
diatoms and silicoflagellates in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and their contribution to the sedimentary record. Mar Micropaleontol28: 53-72
Treppke UF, Lange CB, Donner B, FischerG, Ruhland G,
Wefer G (1996b) Diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes at
the Walvis Ridge: an environment controlled by
coastal upwelling in the Benguela system. J Mar Res
54:991-1016
Turley CM, Gooday AJ, Green J C (1993) Maintenance
of abyssal benthic foraminifera under high pressure
and low temperature: some preliminary results. DeepSea Res I 40: 643-652
Weferetal.
Shemesh A, Macko SA, Charles CD, Rau GH (1993) Isotopic evidence for reduced productivity in the glacial Southern Ocean. Science 262: 407-410
ShemeshA, Burckle LH, Hays JD (1994) Meltwater input to the southern ocean during the last glacial
maximum. Science 266: 1542-1544
Sikes EL, Volkman JK (1993) Calibration of alkenone
unsaturation ratios (U\) for paleotemperature estimation in cold polar waters. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta 57: 1883-1889
Sikes EL, Farrington JW, Keigwin LD (1991) Use of
alkenone unsaturation ratio U\, to determine past
sea surface temperatures: core-top SST calibrations
and methodology. Earth Planet Sci Lett 104: 36-47
Smith JE, Risk MJ, Schwarcz HP, McConnaughey TD
(1997) Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic
during the Younger Dryas recorded in deep-sea corals. Nature 386: 818-820
Smith SV, Hollibaugh JT (1993) Organic metabolism in
the coastal ocean. Rev Geophys 31: 75-89
Smith SV, Buddemeier RW, Redalje RC, Houck JE (1979)
Strontium-calcium thermometry in coral skeletons.
Science 204: 404
Sowers T, Bender M (1995) Climate records covering the
last deglaciation. Science 269: 210-214
Sowers TA, Bender ML, RaynaudD (1989) Elemental and
isotopic composition of occluded 0, and N, in polar
ice. J Geophys Res 94: 5137
Sowers T, Bender M, Raynaud D, Korotkevich YS,
Orchardo J (1991) The &"0 of atmospheric 0, from
air inclusions in the Vostok ice core: Timing of CO,
and ice volume changes during the penultimate
deglaciation. Paleoceanography 6: 679-696
Spero HJ, Bjima J, Lea DW, Bemis BB (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500
Spivack AJ, You C-F, Smith HJ (1993) Foraminiferal boron isotope ratios as a proxy for surface ocean pH
overthepast21 Myr. Nature 363: 149-151
Steens TNF, Ganssen G, Kroon D (1992) Oxygen and
carbon isotopes in planktonic foraminifera as indicators of upwelling and upwelling-induced high productivity in sediments from the northwestern Arabian Sea. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL, Emeis K-C
(eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution since the Early
Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Pub164, pp 107-119
Stott LD (1992) Higher temperatures and lower oceanic
pCO,: a climate enigma at the end of the Paleocene
epoch. Paleoceanography 7: 395-404
Stott LD, Tang CM (1996) Reassessment of foraminiferal
based tropical sea surface 8 18 0 paleotemperatures.
Paleoceanography 11: 37-56
Stute M, Forster M, Frischkorn H, Serejo A, Clark JF,
Schlosser P, Broecker WS, Bonani G (1995) Cooling
oftropicalBrazil (5°C) during the last glacial maximum. Science 269: 379-383
Suess E (1980) Particulate organic carbon flux in the
oceans surface productivity and oxygen utilization.
Nature288: 260-263
Sverdrup HU, Johnson NW, Fleming RH (1942)
The Oceans. Prentice Hall NJ, Engelwood Cliffs,
pp 1-1087
Taylor GH et al. (1998) Organic Petrology.
Schweitzerbart, Stuttgart, pp 1-704
Teece MA, GetliffJM, Leftley JW, Parkes RJ (1995) Microbial processes involved in the degradation and
survival of algal lipid biomarkers, 17 th International
Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain, pp 898-900
Teece MA, Getliff JM, Parkes RJ, Leftley JW,
Maxwell JR (1998) Microbial degradation of the
prymnesiophyte Emiliania huxleyi under oxic and
anoxic conditions as a model for early diagenesis:
long chain alkadienes, alkenones and alkyl
alkenoates. Org Geochem, in press
Thomas E, Booth L, Maslin M, Shackleton NJ (1995)
Northeastern Atlantic benthic foraminifera during
the last 45,000 years: Changes in productivity seen
from the bottom up. Paleoceanography 10: 545-562
Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Lin PN, Henderson KA, Cole-Dia J, Bolzan JF, Lui K-b
(1995) Late Glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice
core records from Huascaran, Peru. Science 269:
46-50
Tiedemann R, Sarnthein M, Shackleton NJ (1994) Astronomic timescale forthe Pliocene Atlantic 6 18 0 and
dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program site 659.
Paleoceanography 9: 619-638
Treguer P, Nelson DM, van Bennekom AJ, DeMaster DJ,
Leynaert A, Queguiner (1995) The silica balance in
the World Ocean: A reestimate. Science 268: 375-379
Treppke U, Lange CB, Wefer G (1996a) Vertical fluxes of
diatoms and silicoflagellates in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and their contribution to the sedimentary record. Mar Micropaleontol28: 53-72
Treppke UF, Lange CB, Donner B, FischerG, Ruhland G,
Wefer G (1996b) Diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes at
the Walvis Ridge: an environment controlled by
coastal upwelling in the Benguela system. J Mar Res
54:991-1016
Turley CM, Gooday AJ, Green J C (1993) Maintenance
of abyssal benthic foraminifera under high pressure
and low temperature: some preliminary results. DeepSea Res I 40: 643-652