Clues to Ocean History: a Brief Overview of Proxies
53
K (l992a) Transfer functions to reconstruct ocean
productivity, a comparison. In: Summerhayes CP,
Prell WL, Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling systems: Evolution since the early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ
64,pp411-427
Sarnthein M, Jansen E, Arnold M, Duplessy J-C,
Erlenkeuser H, Flatoy A, Veum T, Vogelsang E,
Weinelt MS (1992b) /i1'O time-slice reconstruction
of meltwater anomalies at termination 1 in the North
Atlantic between 50 and 80 o N. In: Bard E, Broecker
WS (eds) The last deglaciation: Absolute and radiocarbon chronologies. NATO ASI Series I 2, Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo,
pp 182-200
Samthein M, Pflaumann U, Vogelsang E, working group
Kiel SFB-313, Gersonde R, Piitzold J, Wefer G, working group Bremen SFB-261, Spielhagen R, working
group GEOMAR (1998) Atlantic sea-surface temperatures during the LGM - First results of the German project "CLIMAP 2000". 1998 Fall Meeting,
Arner Geophys Union, Suppl to EOS Trans AGU Vol
79 (45)F470OS22F-04
Schafer P, Ittekkot V (1993) Seasonal variability of1i1'N
in settling particles in the Arabian Sea and its palaeogeochemical significance. Naturwissenschaften 80:
511-513
Schafer P, Ittekkot V (1995) Isotopic biogeochemistry of
nitrogen in the northern Indian Ocean. Mitt GeolPalaeont Inst Univ Hamburg 78, pp 67-93
SchlUter M, Holby 0, Rutgers van der LoeffMM, Kuhn
G (1998) Silica cycle in surface sediments of the
Southern Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 45: 1085-1110
Schmidt M, Botz R, Stoffers P, Anders T, Bohrmann G
(1997) Oxygen isotopes in marine diatoms: A comparative study of analytical techniques and new results on the isotope composition of recent marine
diatoms. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 2275-2280
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A (1997) Late Quaternary
paleoproductivity and deep-water circulation in the
eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from
benthic foraminifers. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol130: 43-80
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A, Muller PJ (1997) Recent
benthic foraminifers from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: dependence on food supply and water
masses. Mar Micropaleontol32: 249-287
Schneider RR, Muller PJ, Wefer G (1994) Late Quaternary paleoproductivity changes off the Congo deduced from stable carbon isotopes of planktonic
foraminifers. Palaeogeogr Palaeoc1imatol Palaeoecol
110: 255-274
Schneider RR, MUller PJ, Ruhland G (1995) Late Quaternary surface circulation in the east equatorial South
Atlantic: Evidence from alkenone sea surface temperatures. Paleoceanography 10: 197-219
Schneider RR, Price B, MUller PJ, Kroon D, Alexander I
(1997) Monsoon related variations in Zaire (Congo)
sediment load and influence of fluvial silicate supply on marine productivity in the east equatorial
Atlantic during the last 200,000 years.
Paleoceanography 12: 463-481
Schott W (1935) Die Foraminiferen aus dem
aequatorialen Teil des Atlantischen Ozeans.
Deutsch Atl ExpedMeteor 1925-1927, 3: 34-134
Schrader H, Sorknes R (1991) Peruvian coastal upwelling:
Late Quaternary productivity changes revealed by
diatoms. MarGeo197: 233-249
Schuetz L (1980) Long range transport of desert dust
with special emphasis on the Sahara. Ann New York
Acad Sci 339: 515-532
Schwarz B, Mangini A, Segl M (1996) Geochemistry of
a piston core from Ontong Java plateau (western
equatorial Pacific): evidence for sediment redistribution and changes in paleoproductivity. Geol
Rundsch 85: 536-545
Shackleton NJ (1977) Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: tropical
rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Andersen NR, Malahoff
A (eds) The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2 in Oceans.
Plenum Press, New York, pp 401-427
Shackleton NJ, Opdyke ND (1973) Oxygen isotope and
palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific
core V28-23 8: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice
volumes on a 10' year and 10' year scale. Quat Res
3:39-55
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO 2 : natural variations archean to recent. The
Pleistocene. Geophys Monogr 32, Amer Geophys
Union, Washington DC, pp 303-317
Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Line J, Cang S (1983) Carbon
isotope data in core V 19-30 (Carnegie Ridge, south
of the Panama Basin) confirm reduced carbon dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere. Nature
306: 319-322
Shackleton N, Berger A, Peltier W (1990) An alternative
astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene
timescale based on ODP Site 677. Trans R Soc Edinburgh Earth Sci 81 : 251-261
Shaffer G (1989) A model of biogeochemical cycling of
phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur in the
ocean: one step toward a global climate model. J
Geophys Res 94: 1979-2004
53
K (l992a) Transfer functions to reconstruct ocean
productivity, a comparison. In: Summerhayes CP,
Prell WL, Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling systems: Evolution since the early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ
64,pp411-427
Sarnthein M, Jansen E, Arnold M, Duplessy J-C,
Erlenkeuser H, Flatoy A, Veum T, Vogelsang E,
Weinelt MS (1992b) /i1'O time-slice reconstruction
of meltwater anomalies at termination 1 in the North
Atlantic between 50 and 80 o N. In: Bard E, Broecker
WS (eds) The last deglaciation: Absolute and radiocarbon chronologies. NATO ASI Series I 2, Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo,
pp 182-200
Samthein M, Pflaumann U, Vogelsang E, working group
Kiel SFB-313, Gersonde R, Piitzold J, Wefer G, working group Bremen SFB-261, Spielhagen R, working
group GEOMAR (1998) Atlantic sea-surface temperatures during the LGM - First results of the German project "CLIMAP 2000". 1998 Fall Meeting,
Arner Geophys Union, Suppl to EOS Trans AGU Vol
79 (45)F470OS22F-04
Schafer P, Ittekkot V (1993) Seasonal variability of1i1'N
in settling particles in the Arabian Sea and its palaeogeochemical significance. Naturwissenschaften 80:
511-513
Schafer P, Ittekkot V (1995) Isotopic biogeochemistry of
nitrogen in the northern Indian Ocean. Mitt GeolPalaeont Inst Univ Hamburg 78, pp 67-93
SchlUter M, Holby 0, Rutgers van der LoeffMM, Kuhn
G (1998) Silica cycle in surface sediments of the
Southern Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 45: 1085-1110
Schmidt M, Botz R, Stoffers P, Anders T, Bohrmann G
(1997) Oxygen isotopes in marine diatoms: A comparative study of analytical techniques and new results on the isotope composition of recent marine
diatoms. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 2275-2280
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A (1997) Late Quaternary
paleoproductivity and deep-water circulation in the
eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from
benthic foraminifers. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol130: 43-80
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A, Muller PJ (1997) Recent
benthic foraminifers from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: dependence on food supply and water
masses. Mar Micropaleontol32: 249-287
Schneider RR, Muller PJ, Wefer G (1994) Late Quaternary paleoproductivity changes off the Congo deduced from stable carbon isotopes of planktonic
foraminifers. Palaeogeogr Palaeoc1imatol Palaeoecol
110: 255-274
Schneider RR, MUller PJ, Ruhland G (1995) Late Quaternary surface circulation in the east equatorial South
Atlantic: Evidence from alkenone sea surface temperatures. Paleoceanography 10: 197-219
Schneider RR, Price B, MUller PJ, Kroon D, Alexander I
(1997) Monsoon related variations in Zaire (Congo)
sediment load and influence of fluvial silicate supply on marine productivity in the east equatorial
Atlantic during the last 200,000 years.
Paleoceanography 12: 463-481
Schott W (1935) Die Foraminiferen aus dem
aequatorialen Teil des Atlantischen Ozeans.
Deutsch Atl ExpedMeteor 1925-1927, 3: 34-134
Schrader H, Sorknes R (1991) Peruvian coastal upwelling:
Late Quaternary productivity changes revealed by
diatoms. MarGeo197: 233-249
Schuetz L (1980) Long range transport of desert dust
with special emphasis on the Sahara. Ann New York
Acad Sci 339: 515-532
Schwarz B, Mangini A, Segl M (1996) Geochemistry of
a piston core from Ontong Java plateau (western
equatorial Pacific): evidence for sediment redistribution and changes in paleoproductivity. Geol
Rundsch 85: 536-545
Shackleton NJ (1977) Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: tropical
rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Andersen NR, Malahoff
A (eds) The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2 in Oceans.
Plenum Press, New York, pp 401-427
Shackleton NJ, Opdyke ND (1973) Oxygen isotope and
palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific
core V28-23 8: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice
volumes on a 10' year and 10' year scale. Quat Res
3:39-55
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO 2 : natural variations archean to recent. The
Pleistocene. Geophys Monogr 32, Amer Geophys
Union, Washington DC, pp 303-317
Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Line J, Cang S (1983) Carbon
isotope data in core V 19-30 (Carnegie Ridge, south
of the Panama Basin) confirm reduced carbon dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere. Nature
306: 319-322
Shackleton N, Berger A, Peltier W (1990) An alternative
astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene
timescale based on ODP Site 677. Trans R Soc Edinburgh Earth Sci 81 : 251-261
Shaffer G (1989) A model of biogeochemical cycling of
phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur in the
ocean: one step toward a global climate model. J
Geophys Res 94: 1979-2004