444
Mulitza et al.
Hays JD, Imbrie J, Shackleton NJ (1976) Variations in the
earth's orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science 194:
1121-1132
Hemleben C, Spindler M, Breitinger M, Deuser W (1985)
Field and laboratory studies on the ontogeny and
ecology of some globorotaliid species from the
Sagasso Sea of Bermuda. JForam Res 15: 254-272.
Hoefs I (1987) Stable isotope geochemistry. Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1-241
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, McIntyre A, Morley
JJ, Pisias NG, Prell WL, Shackleton NJ (1984) The
orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a
revised chronology of the marine 8 18 0 record. In:
Berger A, Imbrie J, Hays J, Kukla G, Saltzman B (eds)
Milankovitch and Climate, Part 1. Reidel, Dordrecht,
pp269-305
Kirst GJ, Schneider RR, Wefer G (1998) Late Quatemary
temperature variability in the Benguela Current system derived from Alkenones. Quat Res, in press
Kohfeld KE, Fairbanks RG, Smith SL, Walsh ID (1997)
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral coiling)
as paleoceanographic tracers in polar oceans: Evidence from Northeast Water Polynya plankton tows,
sediment traps, and surface sediments.
Paleoceanography II: 679-699
Kroon D, Ganssen G (1988) Northern Indian Ocean
upwelling cells and the stable isotope composition
of living planktic foraminifers. In: Brummer GJA,
Kroon D (eds) Planktonic foraminifers as tracers of
ocean-climate history. Free University Press, Amsterdam, pp299-319
Kroopnick PM (1985) The distribution ofBC on:c0 2 in
the world oceans. Deep-Sea Res 32: 57-84
Labeyrie LD, Duplessy JC (1985) Changes in the oceanic 13CI12C ratio during the last 140,000 Years:
High-latitude surface water records. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol50: 217-240
Lea DW (1995) A trace element perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water chemistry. Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Lohmann GP (1995) A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to
secondary calcification and selective dissolution.
Paleoceanography 10: 445-457
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Fairbanks RG, Charles CD (1994) Glacial-interglacial history of Antarctic Intermediate
Water: Relative strengths of Antarctic versus Indian
Ocean sources. Paleoceanography 9: 7-29
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Stocker TF, Broecker WS, Fairbanks
RG (1995) The influence of air-sea exchange on the
isotopic comosition of oceanic carbon: observations
and modelling. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9: 653-665
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Flitterer DK (1993) The 8 B C in benthic foraminiferal
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the dBC of dissolved inorganic carbon in southern ocean deep water: implication for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
McConnaughey T A, Burdett J, Whelan IF, Paull CK
(1997) Carbon isotopes in biological carbonates:
Respiration and photosynthesis. Geochim
CosmochimActa61: 611-622
Michel E, Labeyrie LD, Duplessy J-C, Gorfti N (1995)
Could deep Subantarctic convection feed the world
deep basins during the last glacial maximum?
Paleoceanography 10: 871-880
Molinelli EJ (1981) The Antarctic influence on Antarctic Intermediate Water. J Mar Res 39: 267-293
Mook WG, Boomerson JC, Staverman WH (1974) Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide. Earth Planet Sci
Lett22: 169-176
Mulitza S, Dlirkoop A, Hale W, Wefer G, Niebler HS
(1997) Planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past
surface-water stratification. Geology 25: 335-338
Mulitza S, Riihlemann C, Bickert T, Hale W, Patzold J,
Wefer G (1998) Late Quaternary 8 B C gradients and
carbonate accumulation in the western equatorial
Atlantic. Earth Planet Sci Lett 155: 237-249
Niebler H-S (1995) Rekonstruktionen von PalaoUmweltparametern anhand von stabilen Isotopen
und Faunen-Vergesellschaftungen planktischer
Foraminiferen im Siidatlantik. Ber Polarforsch
Bremerhaven 167,pp 1-198
Ninnemann US, Charles CD (1997) Regional differences
in Quaternary Subantarctic nutrient cycling: Link to
intermediate and deep water ventilation.
Paleoceanography 12: 560-567
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1987) Variability in the deep
and intermediate water circulation of the Atlantic
Ocean during the past 25,000 years: Northern Hemisphere modulation of the Southern Ocean. Earth
Planet Sci Lett 86: 1-15
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1989) Carbon isotopic composition of tropical surface water during the past
22,000 years. Paleoceanography 4: 333-351
Ortiz JD, Mix AC, Rugh W, Watkins JM, Collier RW
(1996) Deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera of the
northeastern Pacific Ocean reveal environmental
control of oxygen and carbon isotopic disequilibria.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 4509-4523
Pastouret L, Charnley H, Delibrias G, Duplessy JC,
Thiede J (1978) Late Quaternary climatic changes in
western tropical Africa deduced from deep-sea sed i-
Mulitza et al.
Hays JD, Imbrie J, Shackleton NJ (1976) Variations in the
earth's orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science 194:
1121-1132
Hemleben C, Spindler M, Breitinger M, Deuser W (1985)
Field and laboratory studies on the ontogeny and
ecology of some globorotaliid species from the
Sagasso Sea of Bermuda. JForam Res 15: 254-272.
Hoefs I (1987) Stable isotope geochemistry. Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1-241
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, McIntyre A, Morley
JJ, Pisias NG, Prell WL, Shackleton NJ (1984) The
orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a
revised chronology of the marine 8 18 0 record. In:
Berger A, Imbrie J, Hays J, Kukla G, Saltzman B (eds)
Milankovitch and Climate, Part 1. Reidel, Dordrecht,
pp269-305
Kirst GJ, Schneider RR, Wefer G (1998) Late Quatemary
temperature variability in the Benguela Current system derived from Alkenones. Quat Res, in press
Kohfeld KE, Fairbanks RG, Smith SL, Walsh ID (1997)
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral coiling)
as paleoceanographic tracers in polar oceans: Evidence from Northeast Water Polynya plankton tows,
sediment traps, and surface sediments.
Paleoceanography II: 679-699
Kroon D, Ganssen G (1988) Northern Indian Ocean
upwelling cells and the stable isotope composition
of living planktic foraminifers. In: Brummer GJA,
Kroon D (eds) Planktonic foraminifers as tracers of
ocean-climate history. Free University Press, Amsterdam, pp299-319
Kroopnick PM (1985) The distribution ofBC on:c0 2 in
the world oceans. Deep-Sea Res 32: 57-84
Labeyrie LD, Duplessy JC (1985) Changes in the oceanic 13CI12C ratio during the last 140,000 Years:
High-latitude surface water records. Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol50: 217-240
Lea DW (1995) A trace element perspective on the evolution of Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water chemistry. Paleoceanography 10: 733-747
Lohmann GP (1995) A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to
secondary calcification and selective dissolution.
Paleoceanography 10: 445-457
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Fairbanks RG, Charles CD (1994) Glacial-interglacial history of Antarctic Intermediate
Water: Relative strengths of Antarctic versus Indian
Ocean sources. Paleoceanography 9: 7-29
Lynch-Stieglitz J, Stocker TF, Broecker WS, Fairbanks
RG (1995) The influence of air-sea exchange on the
isotopic comosition of oceanic carbon: observations
and modelling. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9: 653-665
Mackensen A, Hubberten H-W, Bickert T, Fischer G,
Flitterer DK (1993) The 8 B C in benthic foraminiferal
tests of Fontbotia wuellerstorfi (Schwager) relative
to the dBC of dissolved inorganic carbon in southern ocean deep water: implication for glacial ocean
circulation models. Paleoceanography 8: 587-610
McConnaughey T A, Burdett J, Whelan IF, Paull CK
(1997) Carbon isotopes in biological carbonates:
Respiration and photosynthesis. Geochim
CosmochimActa61: 611-622
Michel E, Labeyrie LD, Duplessy J-C, Gorfti N (1995)
Could deep Subantarctic convection feed the world
deep basins during the last glacial maximum?
Paleoceanography 10: 871-880
Molinelli EJ (1981) The Antarctic influence on Antarctic Intermediate Water. J Mar Res 39: 267-293
Mook WG, Boomerson JC, Staverman WH (1974) Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide. Earth Planet Sci
Lett22: 169-176
Mulitza S, Dlirkoop A, Hale W, Wefer G, Niebler HS
(1997) Planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past
surface-water stratification. Geology 25: 335-338
Mulitza S, Riihlemann C, Bickert T, Hale W, Patzold J,
Wefer G (1998) Late Quaternary 8 B C gradients and
carbonate accumulation in the western equatorial
Atlantic. Earth Planet Sci Lett 155: 237-249
Niebler H-S (1995) Rekonstruktionen von PalaoUmweltparametern anhand von stabilen Isotopen
und Faunen-Vergesellschaftungen planktischer
Foraminiferen im Siidatlantik. Ber Polarforsch
Bremerhaven 167,pp 1-198
Ninnemann US, Charles CD (1997) Regional differences
in Quaternary Subantarctic nutrient cycling: Link to
intermediate and deep water ventilation.
Paleoceanography 12: 560-567
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1987) Variability in the deep
and intermediate water circulation of the Atlantic
Ocean during the past 25,000 years: Northern Hemisphere modulation of the Southern Ocean. Earth
Planet Sci Lett 86: 1-15
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1989) Carbon isotopic composition of tropical surface water during the past
22,000 years. Paleoceanography 4: 333-351
Ortiz JD, Mix AC, Rugh W, Watkins JM, Collier RW
(1996) Deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera of the
northeastern Pacific Ocean reveal environmental
control of oxygen and carbon isotopic disequilibria.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 4509-4523
Pastouret L, Charnley H, Delibrias G, Duplessy JC,
Thiede J (1978) Late Quaternary climatic changes in
western tropical Africa deduced from deep-sea sed i-