The South Atlantic Carbon Isotope Record of Planktic Foraminifera
445
mentation off the Niger delta. Oceanol Acta I:
217-232
Rau GH, Froelich PN, Takahashi T, Des Marais DJ (1991)
Does sedimentary organic olJC record variations in
Quaternary ocean [C0 2 (aq)]? Paleoceanography 6:
335-347
Ravelo AC, Fairbanks RG (1995) Carbon isotopic
fractionation in multiple species planktonic
foraminifera from core-tops in the tropical Atlantic.
1 Foram Res 25: 53-74
Romanek CS, Grossman EL, Morse lW (1992) Carbon
isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and
calcite: effects of temperature and precipitation rate.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56: 419-430
Riihlemann C, Mulitza S, Miiller Pl, WeferG, Zahn R(in
prep) Tropical Atlantic warming during conveyor
slowdown.
Savin SM, Douglas RG (1973) Stable isotope and magnesium geochemistry of recent planktonic
foraminifera from the South Pacific. Geol Soc Amer
Bull 84: 2327-2342
Schneider R, Dahmke A, Kolling A, Miiller Pl, Schulz
HD, Wefer G (1992) Strong deglacial minimum in the
olJC record from planktonic foraminifera in the
Benguela upwelling region: palaeoceanographic signal or early diagenetic imprint? In: Summerhayes CP,
Prell WL, Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since the Early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ,
pp285-297
Schneider RR, Miiller P J, Wefer G (1994) Late Quaternary paleoproductivity changes off the Congo deduced from stable carbon isotopes of planktonic
foraminifera. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol
110: 255-274
Shackleton Nl (1977) Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: tropical
rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Andersen NR, Malahoff
A (eds) The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2 in Oceans.
Plenum Press, NewYork,pp401-427
Shackleton NJ, Opdyke ND (1976) Oxygen-isotope and
paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific Core V28-239:
late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene. Geol Soc Amer
Mem 145:449-464
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle andatrnospheric CO 2 natural variations Archean to Present.
Amer Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 303-318
Short DA, Mengel lG, Crowley TJ, Hyde WT, North GR
(1991) Filtering of Milankovitch cycles by Earth's
geography. Quat Res 35: 157-173
Siegenthaler U, Miinnich KO (1981) 13CIl2C
fractionation during CO 2 transfer from air to sea. In:
Bolin B (ed) Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE.
1 Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 249-258
Spero Hl, Lea DW (1993) Intraspecific stable isotope
variability in the planktic foraminifera
Globigerinoides sacculifer: Results from laboratory
experiments. Mar Micropaleontol22: 221-234
Spero HJ, Lea DW (1996) Experimental determination of
stable isotope variability in Globigerina bulloides:
implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Mar Micropaleontol28: 231-246
Spero HJ, Bjima l, Lea DW, Bemis BB (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500
Steens TNF, Ganssen G, Kroon D (1992) Oxygen and
carbon isotopes in planktonic foraminifera as indicators of upwelling intensity and upwelling-induced
high productivity in sediments from the northwestern Arabian Sea. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL,
Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since
the Early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ, pp 107-119
TsuchiaM, Talley LD, McCartney MS(1994) Water-mass
distributions in the western South Atlantic; A section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward
across the equator. 1 Mar Res 52: 55-81
Turner JV (1982) Kinetic fractionation of carbon-13 during calcium carbonate precipitation. Geochim
CosmochimActa46: 1183-1191
Wefer G, Berger WH, Bickert T, Donner B, Fischer G,
Kemle-von MUcke S, Meinecke G, MUller Pl, Mulitza
S, Niebler HS, Patzold J, Schmidt H, Schneider RR,
Segl M (1996) Late Quaternary Surface Circulation
of the South Atlantic: The Stable Isotope Record and
Implications for Heat Transport and Productivity. In:
WeferG, Berger WH, SiedlerG, Webb DJ (eds) The
South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation.
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 461-502
Wu G, Berger WH (1989) Planktonic foraminifera: Differential dissolution and the Quaternary stable isotope record in the West Equatorial Pacific.
Paleoceanography 4: 181-198
Zahn R, Sarnthein M (1987) Benthic isotope evidence
for changes of the mediterranean outflow during the
late Quartenary. Paleoceanography 2: 543-559
Zielinski U, Gersonde R, Sieger R, Fiitterer D (1998)
Quaternary surface water temperature estimations:
Calibration of a diatom transfer function for the
Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography 13: 365-383
445
mentation off the Niger delta. Oceanol Acta I:
217-232
Rau GH, Froelich PN, Takahashi T, Des Marais DJ (1991)
Does sedimentary organic olJC record variations in
Quaternary ocean [C0 2 (aq)]? Paleoceanography 6:
335-347
Ravelo AC, Fairbanks RG (1995) Carbon isotopic
fractionation in multiple species planktonic
foraminifera from core-tops in the tropical Atlantic.
1 Foram Res 25: 53-74
Romanek CS, Grossman EL, Morse lW (1992) Carbon
isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and
calcite: effects of temperature and precipitation rate.
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56: 419-430
Riihlemann C, Mulitza S, Miiller Pl, WeferG, Zahn R(in
prep) Tropical Atlantic warming during conveyor
slowdown.
Savin SM, Douglas RG (1973) Stable isotope and magnesium geochemistry of recent planktonic
foraminifera from the South Pacific. Geol Soc Amer
Bull 84: 2327-2342
Schneider R, Dahmke A, Kolling A, Miiller Pl, Schulz
HD, Wefer G (1992) Strong deglacial minimum in the
olJC record from planktonic foraminifera in the
Benguela upwelling region: palaeoceanographic signal or early diagenetic imprint? In: Summerhayes CP,
Prell WL, Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since the Early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ,
pp285-297
Schneider RR, Miiller P J, Wefer G (1994) Late Quaternary paleoproductivity changes off the Congo deduced from stable carbon isotopes of planktonic
foraminifera. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol
110: 255-274
Shackleton Nl (1977) Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: tropical
rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Andersen NR, Malahoff
A (eds) The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2 in Oceans.
Plenum Press, NewYork,pp401-427
Shackleton NJ, Opdyke ND (1976) Oxygen-isotope and
paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific Core V28-239:
late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene. Geol Soc Amer
Mem 145:449-464
Shackleton NJ, Pisias NG (1985) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In: Sundquist
ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle andatrnospheric CO 2 natural variations Archean to Present.
Amer Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 303-318
Short DA, Mengel lG, Crowley TJ, Hyde WT, North GR
(1991) Filtering of Milankovitch cycles by Earth's
geography. Quat Res 35: 157-173
Siegenthaler U, Miinnich KO (1981) 13CIl2C
fractionation during CO 2 transfer from air to sea. In:
Bolin B (ed) Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE.
1 Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 249-258
Spero Hl, Lea DW (1993) Intraspecific stable isotope
variability in the planktic foraminifera
Globigerinoides sacculifer: Results from laboratory
experiments. Mar Micropaleontol22: 221-234
Spero HJ, Lea DW (1996) Experimental determination of
stable isotope variability in Globigerina bulloides:
implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Mar Micropaleontol28: 231-246
Spero HJ, Bjima l, Lea DW, Bemis BB (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500
Steens TNF, Ganssen G, Kroon D (1992) Oxygen and
carbon isotopes in planktonic foraminifera as indicators of upwelling intensity and upwelling-induced
high productivity in sediments from the northwestern Arabian Sea. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL,
Emeis K-C (eds) Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since
the Early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ, pp 107-119
TsuchiaM, Talley LD, McCartney MS(1994) Water-mass
distributions in the western South Atlantic; A section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward
across the equator. 1 Mar Res 52: 55-81
Turner JV (1982) Kinetic fractionation of carbon-13 during calcium carbonate precipitation. Geochim
CosmochimActa46: 1183-1191
Wefer G, Berger WH, Bickert T, Donner B, Fischer G,
Kemle-von MUcke S, Meinecke G, MUller Pl, Mulitza
S, Niebler HS, Patzold J, Schmidt H, Schneider RR,
Segl M (1996) Late Quaternary Surface Circulation
of the South Atlantic: The Stable Isotope Record and
Implications for Heat Transport and Productivity. In:
WeferG, Berger WH, SiedlerG, Webb DJ (eds) The
South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation.
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 461-502
Wu G, Berger WH (1989) Planktonic foraminifera: Differential dissolution and the Quaternary stable isotope record in the West Equatorial Pacific.
Paleoceanography 4: 181-198
Zahn R, Sarnthein M (1987) Benthic isotope evidence
for changes of the mediterranean outflow during the
late Quartenary. Paleoceanography 2: 543-559
Zielinski U, Gersonde R, Sieger R, Fiitterer D (1998)
Quaternary surface water temperature estimations:
Calibration of a diatom transfer function for the
Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography 13: 365-383