taxonomy; principle 327
systematics 328
tectonic erosion 53
temperate zone 185, 187
temperature, gradients III
in upwelling water 119
as environmental factor 162
reconstruction of 163, 188
record in corals 165
world map 187
and productivity 187
species ranges 162, 190
distribution last ice age 243ff
Tertiary 259
unit conversion 315
tempestites 102
tephrochronology (age-correlation from the
sequence of layers of volcanic ash) 73
terraces 28
terranes 28
terrigenous sediments 44
muds, definition 217
Tertiary ocean history 257, 261
cooling 259
duration 317
Tethys Ocean 10, 83, 259
tetrapods (beach protection) 108
thalweg 60
thermocline (= layer below warm surface
waters and above cold deep waters)
and productivity 185
Miocene 263
thermohaline circulation 121
tholeiite (type of basalt) 23
thorium (dating) 146, 323
tidal currents 11 7, 118
tidal flats, 131ff
sediment reworking by organisms 172
also see wadden
tidal records 132, 133
tides 132 ff
time scale, geologic 317
tin, placer deposits 278, 288
tintinnids 218, 329
Toba eruption 72
Tonga Trench 25
topographic statistics 316
trace fossils 174 ff
trace elements 23
in manganese nodules 242, 294
tracks and trails 176
tracks and burrows 174
tradewinds 112 ff
trailing edges (passive margins) 44,45
Subject Index
355
trails, see trace fossils
transfer equations 189, 191
transfer temperature 190
transform faults 9, 10, 28
plate boundaries 31
transgression (= sea level rise) 147
see sea level
conglomerate 135
transgressive sequence 140
transport of sediments 69 ff
see also currents, marine sediments
traps
, see sediment trapping
tree-rings 212
trenches 16, 25 ff, 42
plate boundary 27
Peru-Chile 19
topographic profiles 26
morphology 25
gravity 5
geographic statistics 42 ff
Peru-Chile model 52
Island Arc model 52
Triassic, duration 317
Trimosina (foram) 144
Troodos, sulfide deposits 296
tropical zone 185, 187
tsunami (earthquake-generated wave) 56
turbidites 62 ff
see also graded layer
turbidity currents 62ff, 125
Umbellosphaera (coccolith) 192
Umbilicosphaera, coccolith 192
undercurrents 8
undersea cataracts 124
underwater dunes 114 ff, 123
uniformitarianism 1
units, conversions 315
upwelling 118 ff, 162
-type sediments 118
global distribution 119
profiles of nutrients and oxygen 119
effect on productivity 118, 158, 162
seasonal - 185, 188
equatorial 187
estuarine basin 203
Santa Barbara Basin 209
EI Nino effect 210
Pleistocene 243, 255
Tertiary 263
and phosphorites 285
uranium, dating of reef terraces 146
decay series 323, 324
systematics 328
tectonic erosion 53
temperate zone 185, 187
temperature, gradients III
in upwelling water 119
as environmental factor 162
reconstruction of 163, 188
record in corals 165
world map 187
and productivity 187
species ranges 162, 190
distribution last ice age 243ff
Tertiary 259
unit conversion 315
tempestites 102
tephrochronology (age-correlation from the
sequence of layers of volcanic ash) 73
terraces 28
terranes 28
terrigenous sediments 44
muds, definition 217
Tertiary ocean history 257, 261
cooling 259
duration 317
Tethys Ocean 10, 83, 259
tetrapods (beach protection) 108
thalweg 60
thermocline (= layer below warm surface
waters and above cold deep waters)
and productivity 185
Miocene 263
thermohaline circulation 121
tholeiite (type of basalt) 23
thorium (dating) 146, 323
tidal currents 11 7, 118
tidal flats, 131ff
sediment reworking by organisms 172
also see wadden
tidal records 132, 133
tides 132 ff
time scale, geologic 317
tin, placer deposits 278, 288
tintinnids 218, 329
Toba eruption 72
Tonga Trench 25
topographic statistics 316
trace fossils 174 ff
trace elements 23
in manganese nodules 242, 294
tracks and trails 176
tracks and burrows 174
tradewinds 112 ff
trailing edges (passive margins) 44,45
Subject Index
355
trails, see trace fossils
transfer equations 189, 191
transfer temperature 190
transform faults 9, 10, 28
plate boundaries 31
transgression (= sea level rise) 147
see sea level
conglomerate 135
transgressive sequence 140
transport of sediments 69 ff
see also currents, marine sediments
traps
, see sediment trapping
tree-rings 212
trenches 16, 25 ff, 42
plate boundary 27
Peru-Chile 19
topographic profiles 26
morphology 25
gravity 5
geographic statistics 42 ff
Peru-Chile model 52
Island Arc model 52
Triassic, duration 317
Trimosina (foram) 144
Troodos, sulfide deposits 296
tropical zone 185, 187
tsunami (earthquake-generated wave) 56
turbidites 62 ff
see also graded layer
turbidity currents 62ff, 125
Umbellosphaera (coccolith) 192
Umbilicosphaera, coccolith 192
undercurrents 8
undersea cataracts 124
underwater dunes 114 ff, 123
uniformitarianism 1
units, conversions 315
upwelling 118 ff, 162
-type sediments 118
global distribution 119
profiles of nutrients and oxygen 119
effect on productivity 118, 158, 162
seasonal - 185, 188
equatorial 187
estuarine basin 203
Santa Barbara Basin 209
EI Nino effect 210
Pleistocene 243, 255
Tertiary 263
and phosphorites 285
uranium, dating of reef terraces 146
decay series 323, 324