scanning electron microscope (= SEM;
particles are viewed in an electron beam
focussd by magnetic fields) 81
Scolicia (burrows) 178
scour marks 114, 116, 122
sea cliffs, origin and rate of retreat 129ff
sea floor age, distribution 36
and depth (equation) 24
sea floor morphology 8ff, 15ff
study of 4ff
subsidence 23, 24: depth (and seafloor
spreading) 150
and topography of ocean surface 26
sea floor spreading, paradigm 5, 7, 8, 12, 16,
19,21,30,31
evidence for 32ff, 37
discovery 5
illustrat. 19
corollaries 27 ff
history 7 ff
spreading rate (half rate is measured from
ridge crest) 27, 150
and sea mount subsidence 29 ff
and island chains 29 ff
and magnetic anomalies 33 ff
age distr. in Atlantic 36
and passive margins 45
and petroleum accumulation 48
and sea level 150
sea grass 171
sea ice, and climate evolution 127
and oxygen isotopes 144 ff
in the Arctic 200
see also ice-, and icebergs
sea level, indicators 127
processes 129ff
recent (deglacial) rise 135
and coastal morphology 137
present and future rise 153, 230
history of fluctuations 143, 145, 147
and sediment bodies 147, 148
and margin subsidence 150
and seafloor spreading 150
Tertiary 257, 260
implications 305
sea mounts 5, 29ff, 198
sea salt 73
sea surface temperatures 187
history 209
see also paleotemperature
sea urchin 327
sea water composition 73ff, 75, 322
sediment types 77
cycle 69
Subject Index
353
see marine sediments
sediment trapping 82, 220, 221
sedimentary rocks 321
sedimentary sequences 139, 147
sedimentation rates 69, 92, 179,217
deep sea 93
general 92ff
Arctic Ocean 200
and organic matter content 161
dated by thorium 323
seismic profiles
northeast Atlantic Basin 22
off Morocco 49, 149
Persian Gulf shelf 57
Voring Plateau 47
Nankai Trough 54
off Dakar 59
pelagic carbonate 235
Gulf of Mexico 281
East Coast 284
seismic reflection profiling 22, 59, 219, 242,
264
seismic stratigraphy 94, 149,235,304
seismic tomography 40, 304
selective preservation, of fossils 165
of coccoliths 192
of foraminifera 227
SEM, see scanning electron microscope serial
fractionation of evaporites 91
serpentinite (= altered rock of basaltic origin)
9,52
seston 167
settling of sediment in water 100, 10 1
see also fecal pellets: accelerated sinking
sewage disposal 298, 299
shale, definition 321
shape of sand grains 80
shear margins 54, 55
shelf
definition and geographic statistics 42, 55 ff
illustrations 43
carbonate, origin of 45
sedimentary processes 55ff
ice action 55
delta build-up 56
-break 56, 57
East Coast, 138
shelf deposits (see also shelf) 80, 84
and waves 103
and currents 103, 114
relict 138
and change of sea level 147
as climate indicators 200
hydrocarbon resources 277ff
particles are viewed in an electron beam
focussd by magnetic fields) 81
Scolicia (burrows) 178
scour marks 114, 116, 122
sea cliffs, origin and rate of retreat 129ff
sea floor age, distribution 36
and depth (equation) 24
sea floor morphology 8ff, 15ff
study of 4ff
subsidence 23, 24: depth (and seafloor
spreading) 150
and topography of ocean surface 26
sea floor spreading, paradigm 5, 7, 8, 12, 16,
19,21,30,31
evidence for 32ff, 37
discovery 5
illustrat. 19
corollaries 27 ff
history 7 ff
spreading rate (half rate is measured from
ridge crest) 27, 150
and sea mount subsidence 29 ff
and island chains 29 ff
and magnetic anomalies 33 ff
age distr. in Atlantic 36
and passive margins 45
and petroleum accumulation 48
and sea level 150
sea grass 171
sea ice, and climate evolution 127
and oxygen isotopes 144 ff
in the Arctic 200
see also ice-, and icebergs
sea level, indicators 127
processes 129ff
recent (deglacial) rise 135
and coastal morphology 137
present and future rise 153, 230
history of fluctuations 143, 145, 147
and sediment bodies 147, 148
and margin subsidence 150
and seafloor spreading 150
Tertiary 257, 260
implications 305
sea mounts 5, 29ff, 198
sea salt 73
sea surface temperatures 187
history 209
see also paleotemperature
sea urchin 327
sea water composition 73ff, 75, 322
sediment types 77
cycle 69
Subject Index
353
see marine sediments
sediment trapping 82, 220, 221
sedimentary rocks 321
sedimentary sequences 139, 147
sedimentation rates 69, 92, 179,217
deep sea 93
general 92ff
Arctic Ocean 200
and organic matter content 161
dated by thorium 323
seismic profiles
northeast Atlantic Basin 22
off Morocco 49, 149
Persian Gulf shelf 57
Voring Plateau 47
Nankai Trough 54
off Dakar 59
pelagic carbonate 235
Gulf of Mexico 281
East Coast 284
seismic reflection profiling 22, 59, 219, 242,
264
seismic stratigraphy 94, 149,235,304
seismic tomography 40, 304
selective preservation, of fossils 165
of coccoliths 192
of foraminifera 227
SEM, see scanning electron microscope serial
fractionation of evaporites 91
serpentinite (= altered rock of basaltic origin)
9,52
seston 167
settling of sediment in water 100, 10 1
see also fecal pellets: accelerated sinking
sewage disposal 298, 299
shale, definition 321
shape of sand grains 80
shear margins 54, 55
shelf
definition and geographic statistics 42, 55 ff
illustrations 43
carbonate, origin of 45
sedimentary processes 55ff
ice action 55
delta build-up 56
-break 56, 57
East Coast, 138
shelf deposits (see also shelf) 80, 84
and waves 103
and currents 103, 114
relict 138
and change of sea level 147
as climate indicators 200
hydrocarbon resources 277ff