567
Index
gas ebullition and fluid venting 490f
gas hydrates 284, 482ff
→ gas hydrates
inhibitor (BES) method 199f
isotopic composition (δ
13
C, δD) 281, 351, 489
methane plumes in cold seep areas 473
methanogenesis 137
pore water profiles 95, 274ff, 534
product of magmatic degassing 469f
quantitative role of AOM 283ff
solubility 486
sulfate-methane reaction 179, 194f, 278f
sulfate-methane reaction (modeling) 528f
sulfate-methane transition zone (SMT) 279f
→ fermentation, gas hydrates
Methanogens 137, 187, 189, 199, 488, 504f
Microniches / -environments 210, 256, 332, 435
Microstructures
description of - 44ff
Mixed layer
in the water column 155, 209, 374
in surface sediments 258, 441
→ bioturbation
Mn oxyhyroxides (β β β
β β-manganite) 373, 391
Molecular diffusion 89, 115ff, 173ff, 195, 198, 356f,
433
- coefficient (D) 79ff, 174f
diffusion velocity 175
Fick's first law of - 179f
Fick's second law of - 87f, 523f
influence of porosity 79ff
influence of temperature 80f
→ Fick’s laws, benthic transport mechanisms
Monomeric lipids 140ff
→ OM - chemical composition
Mud volcanos 491
→ fluid venting, gas hydrates, gas ebullition
Muscovite 6f
→ clay minerals
N
Natural vulcanisation 143
Neodymium
Nd isotopes of ferromanganese crusts 404f, 410f
Nepheloid boundary layer 128, 438f
Neutral charge rule 319
New production 128
Nickel
as catalyst for reductive processes 253
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 374f
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
in manganese nodules and crusts 371ff
solid phase profile 118
Nitrapyrin 199f
Nitrate
- reducing bacteria 169f, 187, 254
artefacts by determination 226
denitrification (→) 210ff, 226ff, 229f, 254, 353f
in-situ measurements 225f
influence of MnO 2 229
interpretaion of pore water profiles 84f
modeled pore water profiles 526f, 538ff, 544
nitrification (→) 210ff, 353
pore water profiles 74, 84, 170, 213, 227, 244, 254,
274, 296, 540f
photometrical determination 102f
reduction by ferrous iron 169f, 253ff
reduction by Mn
2+
226
reduction by OM respiration 212
release rates 228
respiration 215ff
total flux rates 110, 224, 233
water column profiles 208
Nitrification 210ff, 353
15
N-methods 197
fractionation effect on δ
15
N 354
inhibitor (nitrapyrin) method 199f
modeling 525ff, 538ff
nitrifying bacteria 185f, 212
Nitrobacteraceae (→) 212
Nitrite
- reduction (ammonification) 212
bacterial oxidation 212
Nitrobacteraceae (→) 212
photometrical determination 102f
Nitrobacteraceae 212
Nitrobacter 186, 212
Nitrococcus 212
→ prokaryotic organisms
Nitrogen
15
N-methods 197, 226f
C:N / C:N:P ratio → carbon
δ
15
N in marine ecosystems 218f, 353f
δ
15
N in marine OM (→) 218f, 355f
deamination 353
fixation 200, 218, 353
via denitrification 212
via oxidation fo ON and NH 3 with MnO 2 229
Nitrous oxide
reduction of - 212
Non-steady state conditions 77ff, 87f, 112f, 115, 289ff,
Index
gas ebullition and fluid venting 490f
gas hydrates 284, 482ff
→ gas hydrates
inhibitor (BES) method 199f
isotopic composition (δ
13
C, δD) 281, 351, 489
methane plumes in cold seep areas 473
methanogenesis 137
pore water profiles 95, 274ff, 534
product of magmatic degassing 469f
quantitative role of AOM 283ff
solubility 486
sulfate-methane reaction 179, 194f, 278f
sulfate-methane reaction (modeling) 528f
sulfate-methane transition zone (SMT) 279f
→ fermentation, gas hydrates
Methanogens 137, 187, 189, 199, 488, 504f
Microniches / -environments 210, 256, 332, 435
Microstructures
description of - 44ff
Mixed layer
in the water column 155, 209, 374
in surface sediments 258, 441
→ bioturbation
Mn oxyhyroxides (β β β
β β-manganite) 373, 391
Molecular diffusion 89, 115ff, 173ff, 195, 198, 356f,
433
- coefficient (D) 79ff, 174f
diffusion velocity 175
Fick's first law of - 179f
Fick's second law of - 87f, 523f
influence of porosity 79ff
influence of temperature 80f
→ Fick’s laws, benthic transport mechanisms
Monomeric lipids 140ff
→ OM - chemical composition
Mud volcanos 491
→ fluid venting, gas hydrates, gas ebullition
Muscovite 6f
→ clay minerals
N
Natural vulcanisation 143
Neodymium
Nd isotopes of ferromanganese crusts 404f, 410f
Nepheloid boundary layer 128, 438f
Neutral charge rule 319
New production 128
Nickel
as catalyst for reductive processes 253
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 374f
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
in manganese nodules and crusts 371ff
solid phase profile 118
Nitrapyrin 199f
Nitrate
- reducing bacteria 169f, 187, 254
artefacts by determination 226
denitrification (→) 210ff, 226ff, 229f, 254, 353f
in-situ measurements 225f
influence of MnO 2 229
interpretaion of pore water profiles 84f
modeled pore water profiles 526f, 538ff, 544
nitrification (→) 210ff, 353
pore water profiles 74, 84, 170, 213, 227, 244, 254,
274, 296, 540f
photometrical determination 102f
reduction by ferrous iron 169f, 253ff
reduction by Mn
2+
226
reduction by OM respiration 212
release rates 228
respiration 215ff
total flux rates 110, 224, 233
water column profiles 208
Nitrification 210ff, 353
15
N-methods 197
fractionation effect on δ
15
N 354
inhibitor (nitrapyrin) method 199f
modeling 525ff, 538ff
nitrifying bacteria 185f, 212
Nitrobacteraceae (→) 212
Nitrite
- reduction (ammonification) 212
bacterial oxidation 212
Nitrobacteraceae (→) 212
photometrical determination 102f
Nitrobacteraceae 212
Nitrobacter 186, 212
Nitrococcus 212
→ prokaryotic organisms
Nitrogen
15
N-methods 197, 226f
C:N / C:N:P ratio → carbon
δ
15
N in marine ecosystems 218f, 353f
δ
15
N in marine OM (→) 218f, 355f
deamination 353
fixation 200, 218, 353
via denitrification 212
via oxidation fo ON and NH 3 with MnO 2 229
Nitrous oxide
reduction of - 212
Non-steady state conditions 77ff, 87f, 112f, 115, 289ff,