Index
566
M
Maceral composition 151
Mackinawite (FeS) 119, 286f, 375
→ iron sulfides
Magnesium
pore water profile 74
solid phase profile 118
Magnesium(Mg)-calcite 503
Magnetic susceptibility (κ κ κ
κ κ or χ
χ χ
χ χ) 27, 29, 41, 287, 290f
Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) 6, 248f, 253, 263f, 285, 288f, 291,
375, 464f, 518
→ iron oxides
titano-magnetite 249
Manganese
54
Mn 197
benthic (redox) cycle 257ff, 295ff, 541ff
benthic fluxes by model calculations 543
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 371ff, 377f
deep-sea residence time 375
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
dissolved Mn in seawater 372
dissimilatory reduction 254
E H -pH diagram for Mn in deep water 373
enrichments in vent fluids 372f, 467ff
eolian input 371
interpretation of pore water profiles 86f
in deep-sea sediments 375ff
hydrothermal flux to the ocean 372
leaching through water/rock interactions 461
Mn(II)-carbonate 76, 87, 379, 542
modeled pore water profiles 539ff
nodules and crusts (→ manganese crusts)
oxidation 253f, 373f
oxidation rate 371
particulate Mn in the water column 372
pore water profiles 74, 86, 111, 170, 195, 254, 274,
296, 540f
predominance field diagram 373
redox cycle 543
reduction 181ff, 262, 272f
reduction rates 193f
reoxidation 262
scavenging 372
SI (saturation index) profiles of manganese
minerals 520f
solid phase profiles 118, 296
riverine input 373
total hydrothermal flux 373
voltammetric microelectrode technique 225
Manganese crusts 371ff
Co-rich crusts 390ff
diagenetic formed 381
economic prospects 411ff
elemental composition 390
evolution 391
groth rates 400, 404
hydrogenous formed 380, 396
hydrothermal formed 380, 395f
importance in paleoceanography 403ff
mineralogical composition 397ff
shallow-marine ferromanganese concretions 393ff
Manganese nodules 10, 371ff
- as paleoceanographic indicators 403ff
dating 400ff
descriptive classification 382
diagenetic formed 381, 386ff
distribution 380ff
economic prospects 411ff
element associations 387, 397
elemental composition 384, 390, 393
groth rates 400, 404
hydrogenous formed 381, 386f
hydrothermal formed 381, 395f
influence of sedimentation regime 381
influence of surface water productivity 386
influence of the CCD 388
→ calcium carbonate
micronodules 397f
mineralogical composition 398ff
REE as redox indicators 388ff
→ Rare Earth Elements (REE)
Manganese oxide (MnO 2 )
ammonia and nitrogen oxidation by - 229
(oxides) precipitation from hydrothermal fluids
372f, 461
ferrous iron oxidation by - 253ff
influence on nitrate profiles 229
modeled solid phase profiles 542
recycling 192ff
reduction by ferrous iron 296ff
reduction by H 2 S 298
reduction rates 194
Manganite 396
Marine snow 434
Markasite (FeS 2 ) 287
→ iron sulfides
Methane
anaerobic oxidation (AOM) 170f, 279ff, 504ff
anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME) 189
analysis of - 94f, 102
biogenic / thermogenic 488f
catagenesis 489
determination by gas-chromatography 104f
enrichments in vent fluids 468ff
566
M
Maceral composition 151
Mackinawite (FeS) 119, 286f, 375
→ iron sulfides
Magnesium
pore water profile 74
solid phase profile 118
Magnesium(Mg)-calcite 503
Magnetic susceptibility (κ κ κ
κ κ or χ
χ χ
χ χ) 27, 29, 41, 287, 290f
Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) 6, 248f, 253, 263f, 285, 288f, 291,
375, 464f, 518
→ iron oxides
titano-magnetite 249
Manganese
54
Mn 197
benthic (redox) cycle 257ff, 295ff, 541ff
benthic fluxes by model calculations 543
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 371ff, 377f
deep-sea residence time 375
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
dissolved Mn in seawater 372
dissimilatory reduction 254
E H -pH diagram for Mn in deep water 373
enrichments in vent fluids 372f, 467ff
eolian input 371
interpretation of pore water profiles 86f
in deep-sea sediments 375ff
hydrothermal flux to the ocean 372
leaching through water/rock interactions 461
Mn(II)-carbonate 76, 87, 379, 542
modeled pore water profiles 539ff
nodules and crusts (→ manganese crusts)
oxidation 253f, 373f
oxidation rate 371
particulate Mn in the water column 372
pore water profiles 74, 86, 111, 170, 195, 254, 274,
296, 540f
predominance field diagram 373
redox cycle 543
reduction 181ff, 262, 272f
reduction rates 193f
reoxidation 262
scavenging 372
SI (saturation index) profiles of manganese
minerals 520f
solid phase profiles 118, 296
riverine input 373
total hydrothermal flux 373
voltammetric microelectrode technique 225
Manganese crusts 371ff
Co-rich crusts 390ff
diagenetic formed 381
economic prospects 411ff
elemental composition 390
evolution 391
groth rates 400, 404
hydrogenous formed 380, 396
hydrothermal formed 380, 395f
importance in paleoceanography 403ff
mineralogical composition 397ff
shallow-marine ferromanganese concretions 393ff
Manganese nodules 10, 371ff
- as paleoceanographic indicators 403ff
dating 400ff
descriptive classification 382
diagenetic formed 381, 386ff
distribution 380ff
economic prospects 411ff
element associations 387, 397
elemental composition 384, 390, 393
groth rates 400, 404
hydrogenous formed 381, 386f
hydrothermal formed 381, 395f
influence of sedimentation regime 381
influence of surface water productivity 386
influence of the CCD 388
→ calcium carbonate
micronodules 397f
mineralogical composition 398ff
REE as redox indicators 388ff
→ Rare Earth Elements (REE)
Manganese oxide (MnO 2 )
ammonia and nitrogen oxidation by - 229
(oxides) precipitation from hydrothermal fluids
372f, 461
ferrous iron oxidation by - 253ff
influence on nitrate profiles 229
modeled solid phase profiles 542
recycling 192ff
reduction by ferrous iron 296ff
reduction by H 2 S 298
reduction rates 194
Manganite 396
Marine snow 434
Markasite (FeS 2 ) 287
→ iron sulfides
Methane
anaerobic oxidation (AOM) 170f, 279ff, 504ff
anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME) 189
analysis of - 94f, 102
biogenic / thermogenic 488f
catagenesis 489
determination by gas-chromatography 104f
enrichments in vent fluids 468ff